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Город Кардона
Вторник, 27 Ноября 2018 г. 11:12 + в цитатник
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/города-каталонии_кардона-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-каталонии_кардона-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-каталонии_кардона-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Кардона (кат. Cardona) — город и муниципалитет в Испании, входит в провинцию Барселона в составе автономного сообщества Каталония. Муниципалитет находится в составе района (комарки) Бажес. Занимает площадь 66,70 км². Население 5182 человека (на 2010 год).
Город Кардона находится в долине Салина. Долина Салина (La Vall Salina) – это место естественного образования соли в течение нескольких миллионов лет. Горный массив имеет форму удлиненного эллипса. Граница массива на востоке – река Карденер (Cardener), горный хребет Трессеррес (Tresserres) – на юге, Гран-Бофия (la Bòfia Gran) – на западе и Сьерра (сам город и замок Кардоны) – на севере. В общей сложности площадь долины достигает 100 га. Вся территория включена в Государственный план пространств естественных интересов Каталонии (el Pla d’Espais d’Interès Natural de Catalunya).
Расположение города и замка Кардоны на протяжении всех лет его истории было определено этими рудниками. Эксплуатация месторождений соли и учреждение виконтства Осоны (vescomtal d’Osona) в замке привели к тому, что замок Кардоны и его город создали мощную юрисдикцию в районе реки Карденара (Cardener ) между 12 и 14 веками. К 15 веку власть Кардоны простиралась на обширной территории длиной около 60 км и шириной около 50 км.
Туризм и достопримечательности Кардоны
Сегодня Кардона – один из центров туризма Каталонии. Ежегодно город при населении 5000 человек посещают более полумиллиона туристов, в основном, из Испании и Франции.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/cardona_buildings_streets_architecture-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...reets_architecture-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...reets_architecture-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
В числе основных достопримечательностей – замок Кардоны (El Castell i la Col•legiata de Sant Vicenç).
С древних времен человек искал места на возвышенностях, чтобы строить крепости, которые позволяли бы контролировать территорию. В Кардоне географическое расположение замка соответствует необходимости защиты доступа к соляному месторождению и контроля над долиной реки Карденер.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/архитектура_города_кордона_туризм-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...ода_кордона_туризм-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...ода_кордона_туризм-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Построенный на вершине горы для контроля земли вокруг бассейна реки Карденер, замок Кардона был с 11-го по 15-е века основным местом резиденции лордов Кардоны. Замковый комплекс разделен пополам между величественными павильонами и канонической романской часовней Сант-Виченц (Sant Vicenç). В составе архитектурного комплекса – Башня Миньона (Torre de la Minyona), герцогский дворец (Pati Ducal), многочисленные оборонительные бастины.
Замок Кардона – превосходный пример военного укрепления, которое показывает эволюцию военного искусства от средневековья до современной эпохи. Замок был домом для одной из самых важных дворянских линий страны, и защита эксплуатации соляных шахт означала, что его укрепление было неприступным. Мощь замка как военного укрепления доказана фактом, что замок был взят лишь один раз во время войны за правопреемство испанского короля Фелипе 5 (1711-1714).
Часовня Сант-Виченц – оригинальная работа, датируемая 11 веком, освященная примерно между 1029 и 1040 годами. Это великолепный пример романской архитектуры, Это великолепное романское здание, которое имеет план базилики из трех нефов. В часовне есть также несколько гробниц и пантеонов, принадлежащих, в частности, герцогу Ферран I (Ferran I) и графу Жоану Рамону Фольцу I (Joan Ramon Folc I).
В настоящее время в замке расположен четырехвездочный отель, ресторан и кафе с отличным видом на долину.
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Замок открыт для посещений, однако, организованные экскурсии возможны только по субботам и воскресеньям (тел. 93 869 24 75).
Средневековый центр Кардоны (Centre Cardona Medieval) – еще одна достопримечательность города. Расположенный на площади Пласа-де-ла-Фира (plaça de la Fira), напротив ратуши Кардоны, этот центр помогает почувствовать историю и культурное наследие города. Постоянная выставка с обширным графическим и аудиовизуальным сопровождением объясняет возникновение, эволюцию города, строительство крепости Кардоны, которая защищала город более пятисот лет.
Виртуальная экскурсия предлагает пройти по самым значимым историческим местам и в том числе посетить приходскую церковь Сан-Микеля (Sant Miquel ) с ее великолепным готическим нефом. Церковь Сан-Микеля – пример каталонской готической архитектуры. Церковь была освящена в 1397 году. Внутри храма выделяются два боковых алтаря и крипты святых мучеников.
Экскурсионные туры возможны только по субботам и воскресеньям. Адрес: Plaza de la Feria, s / n, тел. 93 869 24 75
Историческому центру города стоит уделить особое внимание. Под этим названием обычно понимается городская площадь города Кардона, которая соответствует старому городу средневекового периода. Она испокон веков была центром торговли у подножия замка. Именно оттуда начинались главные улицы: Фира (Fira) и Эскасани (Escasany), которые вели к площади Санта-Эулалия-и-Меркат (Santa Eulàlia i Mercat).
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Однако в середине тринадцатого века это первоначальное ядро города было трансформировано в периферию за счет появления новых городских районов Солдевила (Soldevila), Серра (Serra), Капдевила (Capdevila), Фира-Камбр и Граэллс-Ноу-Комабелла (Fira-Cambres i Graells-Nou-Comabella). Увеличение числа жителей было в первую очередь связано с резким ростом экономики во времена правления Жауме I (Jaume I) (1213-1276) и Пере II (Pere II) (1276-1285). Согласно архивным данным, в середине 12 века в городе насчитывалось 87 семей, а уже в 247 году – их число составило 1281 человек, то есть рост составил почти более 250%. Таким образом, примерно 400 человек, жившие в середине 12 века на площади не более 2 га, уже к 247 году расселились на территории почти 12 га.
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Примерно с 1370 года архитектурный облик города практически не менялся до первых десятилетий 20 века, когда открытие соли и калия стало основой для второй волны индустриализации региона и определило его демографическое, экономическое и политическое развитие в конце 20 и начале 21 века.
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В настоящее время исторический центр Кардоны объявлен объектом культурного наследия в категории “Исторический Объект” (Interès Cultural en la Categoria de Conjunt Històric) от 7 февраля 1992 года.
Развлечения, культурные программы, фестивали и ярмарки
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/музыка_кардона-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/музыка_кардона-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/музыка_кардона-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Самой известной ярмаркой в Кардоне сегодня является Ярмарка грибов, которая по традиции проходит 29-30 октября. На последней ярмарке 2018 года (XXVI) были представлены более 700 видов грибов, растущих в Пиренеях.
Шоппинг
Шоппинг в Кардоне не является приоритетом туристической программы. Только по выходным туристический интерес могут представлять городские базары и ярмарки, которые традиционно проходят в первой половине дня по выходным или некоторым праздничным дням. На ярмарках, в частности, представлены эксклюзивные продукты питания, выращенные в регионе. В их числе некоторые известные в Испании марки вина и сыра.
Кухня, еда и рестораны
В городе более 20 ресторанов достаточно высокого уровня. При этом качество, цены и обслуживание выигрывают у крупных туристических центров Каталонии, например, Барселоны.
Специфика кухни Кардоны – блюда с использованием грибов. Особенно это актуально осенью, когда в соседних лесах собираются огромные урожаи самых разнообразных грибов. Недаром в Кардоне проходит известная на всю Испанию ежегодная ярмарка грибов.

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Salt Mountain Salins de Cardona – one of the major natural monuments of the Pyrenees
Понедельник, 26 Ноября 2018 г. 13:34 + в цитатник
Salt Mountain Salins de Cardona – one of the major natural monuments of the Pyrenees
Excursions to the cave last 50 minutes. The temperature inside the cave is from 17 to 20 degrees, regardless of the season. For safety, you will be offered a helmet to wear.
photo: all-andorra.com
The entrance to the cave
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Salt-Mountain-Salins-de-Cardona_entrance-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...e-Cardona_entrance-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...e-Cardona_entrance-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />
The mineral that can be seen here everywhere — on the ceiling, on the walls, and on the floor — is salt. It has an orange-red color. This is due to the presence of iron, which in combination with oxygen forms oxides – give the salt its color. Hence the popular name is red salt.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/The-mineral-that-can-be-seen-here-everywhere-—-on-the-ceiling-on-the-walls-and-on-the-floor-—-is-salt-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...he-floor-—-is-salt-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...he-floor-—-is-salt-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />
Seeing this salt deposit, one would like to ask: how did a whole mountain of salt appear in the central part of Catalonia? To find out the answer, we must make a trip back in time – to go back 40 million years ago. At that time there was a huge sea in the center of Catalonia. It flowed from the peninsula from the north (at present it is the Bay of Biscay), and into the lands of Aragon. It was everywhere … However, later, due to the increase in temperature, the water gradually dried up.
The formation of salt layers occurred in stages. Salt was deposited in isolated areas of the earth’s surface, where new portions of seawater periodically arrived and, where due to the dry climate and, consequently, strong evaporation, the mineral became more and more saturated. Where these parts of the surface gradually descended, due to the tectonic movements of the earth’s crust, thick deposits were formed. First, halite was formed, then sylvinite, and ultimately carnallite (potassium and magnesium chloride).
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/The-mineral-that-can-be-seen-here-everywhere-—-on-the-ceiling-on-the-walls-and-on-the-floor-—-is-salt_Pyrenees-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...—-is-salt_Pyrenees-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...—-is-salt_Pyrenees-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />
The geological characteristics of the salt deposit allowed a person to use this raw material from the Neolithic period (2500 BC) to the present day. The Iberians who invaded the peninsula, the Romans who came here during the Middle Ages, as well as the lords of Cardona, were able to enrich themselves at the expense of the deposit, becoming “the lords of salt”. The Salins de Cardona deposit, due to the quantity and quality of salt, became famous in Catalonia. In 1900, the first underground mine appeared (it was abandoned in 1934).
Since ancient times, man has been producing salt for various purposes, such as preserving. However, the situation changed dramatically after the start of the production of inorganic fertilizers. In 1923, the Spanish Union, Union Española d’Explosives, S.A. bought Salins de Cardona deposit for 3.5 million pesetas. In 1925, this company launched a new project to extract sodium and potassium chloride from salt, which meant opening a new mine with two main wells, a processing plant, and establishing logistics to the port of Barcelona.
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When in September 1990, both mines were closed, a total of 37,874,843 tons of mineral had been mined from the bowels of the earth, and mining had reached a depth of 1,308.7 m, which made Cardona the deepest mine in the country. At this depth, the temperature was above 50 degrees, the salt layers were not vertical, but horizontal, which required the introduction of a new production system. Each mine had its own name: Marie Thérèse (depth 720 m) and Albert (depth 1000 m. Development period: 1929 – 1972).
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Santa Barba is the patroness of the miners, pyrotechnics, demolition men – everyone who deals with underground work, including mining. The holiday of Santa Barba is celebrated on December 4th – this is a very revered date in Cardona.
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Next to the statue, you can see the stairs. Once they were wooden, but over time they became covered in salt as they were slowly forgotten about. Now it looks like they were originally made from salt.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/the-stairs.-Once-they-were-wooden-but-over-time-they-became-covered-in-salt-300x208.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...me-covered-in-salt-300x208.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...me-covered-in-salt-768x533.png 768w" width="783" />
The biggest “room” is called the Sistine Chapel.
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Соляная гора Salins de Cardona
Суббота, 24 Ноября 2018 г. 20:16 + в цитатник
Соляная гора Salins de Cardona – один из главных природных памятников Пиренеев
Фото: all-andorra.com
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/соль-каталонии-300x203.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/соль-каталонии-300x203.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/соль-каталонии-768x518.png 768w" width="800" />
Экскурсия в пещеру длится 50 минут. Температура внутри пещеры – от 17 до 20 градусов, независимо от времени года. В целях безопасности вам будет предложена каска.
Вход в пещеру.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/соляная-пещера-в-кардоне-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...я-пещера-в-кардоне-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...я-пещера-в-кардоне-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />
Минерал, который можно видеть здесь повсюду – и на потолке, и на стенах, и на полу – это соль. Она имеет оранжево-красный цвет. Это связано с наличием железа, который в сочетании с кислородом образует оксиды – они и придают соли цвет. Отсюда популярное название – красная соль.
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Увидев это солевое месторождение, хочется спросить: как в центральной части Каталонии появилась целая гора соли? Чтобы узнать ответ, мы должны совершить путешествие во времени – вернуться на 40 миллионов лет назад. В то время в центре Каталонии было огромное море. Оно омывало полуостров с севера (в настоящее время это Бискайский залив), омывало земли Арагона. Оно было повсюду… Однако позднее из-за повышения температуры вода постепенно высохла.
Формирование соляных пластов происходило поэтапно. Соль отлагалась в изолированных участках земной поверхности, куда периодически поступали новые порции морской воды и, где благодаря сухому климату, а следовательно и сильному испарению, минерал становился все более насыщенным. Там, где эти участки поверхности постепенно опускались, благодаря тектоническим движениям земной коры, образовывались мощные отложения. Сначала образовался галит, затем – сильвинит и в конечном итоге – карналлит (хлорид калия и магния).
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Геологические характеристики месторождения соли позволяют человеку воспользоваться этим сырьем от неолита (2500 лет до н. э.) до наших дней. Иберы, вторгшиеся на полуостров, римляне, которые пришли сюда в период Средневековья, а также лорды замка Кардона сумели обогатиться за счёт месторождения, став “лордами соли”. Месторождение Salins de Cardona из-за количества и качества соли, стало самым известным в Каталонии. В 1900 году появилась первая подземная шахта (она была заброшена в 1934 году).
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С древних времен человек добывал соль для различных целей, как, например, сохранение пищи или добавление в корм для животных. Однако ситуация кардинально изменилась после начала производства неорганических удобрений. В 1923 году испанский союз Union Española d’Explosives, S.A. купил месторождение Salins de Cardon за 3,5 миллионов песет. В 1925 году эта компания приступила к реализации нового проекта по извлечению из соли хлорида натрия и калия, что подразумевало открытие новой шахты с двумя основными скважинами, завод по обработке, а также налаживание логистики до порта Барселоны.
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Когда в сентябре 1990 года обе шахты были закрыты, из недр земли было добыто в общей сложности 37 874 843 тонны минерала, а добыча достигла глубины 1308,7 м, что сделало шахту в Кардоне самой глубокой в стране. На этой глубине температура была выше 50 градусов, солевые слои были не вертикальными, а горизонтальными, что требовало внедрения новой системы добычи. У каждой шахты было своё имя: Marie Thérèse (глубина 720 м) и Albert (глубина 1000 м период разработки: 1929 – 1972).

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Замок Монтескью
Суббота, 24 Ноября 2018 г. 15:30 + в цитатник
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Монтескью (кат. Montesquiu) является муниципалитетом в комарке Осона (Osona) в Каталонии, Испания. Он расположен на берегу реки Тер на севере комарки. Муниципалитет расположен на главном маршруте (С17-N260) между Барселоной и Пуичсердой.
Основная туристическая достопримечательность муниципалитета – замок Монтескью тринадцатого века. Он открыт для посещений, а летом в нем проходит много культурных мероприятий.
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Замок Монтескью впервые появился в документах, относящихся к 1285 году, когда он был частью оборонительного треугольника, который включал средневековые замки Бесора и Садерра.
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Трансформация из оборонительного комлекса в замок Монтескью произошла в 14 веке, когда региональный правитель перебрался сюда из Бесоры.
В течение следующих нескольких столетий замок претерпел несколько структурных изменений. Его владельцы расширили жилую площадь. Они также добавили небольшую часовню, отведенную для Святой Барбары.
Провинциальный совет Барселоны приобрел замок в 1976 году.
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Сегодня замок является центральным элементом парка, который носит его название. По парку вокруг замка проходят два пешеходных маршрута: трех и восьмикилометровый.
Замок Монтескью – удивительное и красивое место. Он создает впечатление уединения, отшельничества, одиночества…
Готическая лестница из-за стеклянных потолков и больших окон – самое светлое место в замке. Проникающие лучи солнца добавляют тепло и уют интерьеру этой на первый взгляд суровой каменной конструкции. Темнота не может властвовать здесь, пока светит солнце.
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Построенный высоко на вершине среди зеленых холмов, простирающихся на многие километры, замок из каждого окна предлагает сказочные виды.
Часть туристической привлекательности замка – окружающие его “сочные” аккуратно подстриженные кусты, зеленые холмы и долины.

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The Catalan city of Puigcerda – famous for its horse fairs and skiing
Пятница, 23 Ноября 2018 г. 13:47 + в цитатник
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The Catalan city of Puigcerda – famous for its horse fairs and skiing
Puigcerda (Catalan Puigcerdà) is the capital of the Catalan comarca of Cerdanya, in the province of Girona, Catalonia, northern Spain, near the Segre River and on the border with France (it borders directly the French city of Bourg-Madame).
Puigcerda is a city with a population of 9,100 people. Puigcerdà is located on the banks of the river Segre, at an altitude of 1215 metres. Translated from the Catalan “puig” means “hill”. From the hill you can see the beautiful Cerdanya valley – the largest in the Pyrenees. On its territory there is a nature park Cadí-Moixeró, where you can come across rare species of animals and birds.
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The city has its own media stations: two radio stations (the state-run “Radio Puigcerda“ and private “Radio Pyrenees”), a TV channel, a newspaper, and a free monthly magazine.
History of Puigcerda
The city was founded in 1177 by the king of Spain, Alfonso. The city has been famous for its fairs since 1182, in particular, its horse fairs which are famous throughout Spain.
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It is worth recalling that since the days of Napoleon in France, the division of territories was into departments in France, and in Spain – in the province. So, from 1813 Puigcerdà was one of the four provincial capitals of Catalonia (along with Barcelona, Girona and Lleida).
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In 1833, Spain was divided into two warring parties. One supported don Carlos and his heirs, the Carlist party. The other stood on the side of Isabella and her mother, Mary Christina, she was called the party of Christinos. Political strife has triggered three wars, called the Carlist wars.
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These wars had a significant impact on the development of Puigcerdà. The city ceased to be the capital (Tarragona became the fourth capital), but this did not prevent it from developing dynamically – mainly due to agriculture, and later, from the beginning of the XX century, due to tourism.
Tourism and what to do
Tourism in Puigcerdà forms the main income of the budget, which currently stands at 13.5 million euros.
Lovers of active leisure and tourism in the mountains are main tourists. After the Spanish Civil war (1936-1939) the first ski resorts appeared here. The closest are La Molina and Masella, there are also ski resorts from France-Pyrénées 2000, Les Angles, etc.
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A distinctive feature of the ski resorts of the Cerdanya plateau (Baixa Cerdanya – Spain, Alta Cerdanya – France) is the meteorological conditions. There is often good sunny weather and a lot of snow. It is also important that the ski slopes are on the sunny side of the Pyrenees. Here you can engage in all winter sports: Alpine and cross-country skiing (in the mountains), hockey, curling, figure skating (in a sports complex located in the city, which also has a large stadium, climatic pool, football pitch and tennis court).
The sports complex belongs to the city. The price for a subscription and a single visit is the cheapest in Catalonia.
In summer, mountain sports are also available in the region (mountaineering, climbing, hiking of different levels of difficulty, mountain and road biking).
There are also three Golf clubs near the town.

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Cities of Catalonia: “Good luck city” as mark of the best European rafting city Sort (Lleida Province)
Пятница, 23 Ноября 2018 г. 11:44 + в цитатник

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Cities of Catalonia: “Good luck city” as mark of the best European rafting city Sort (Lleida Province)

Sort is the capital of the provinces Pallars Sobirà, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. The city is located at an altitude of 692 m above sea level, near the Noguera Pallaresa River, a tributary of the Segre River.

Population: 2.113 (in 2005). Population density: 20.4 / km²

Area: 105.13 km²

The name “Sort” in Catalan means “good luck”. The lottery ticket shop “La Bruixa d’Or” (“Golden Witch”) is the most famous in Catalonia. They say that this shop sells a lot of winning tickets – according to statistics, those who buy tickets from this shop are more likely to win.

The administrative division of Sort includes the traditional district of Sort, as well as the settlements of Llessui and Enviny that were joined in 1970. In 1976, Altron was also attached to the municipality. The territory of the municipality extends along the shores of the Sort, Barran de Montardit valley (Mall del Barranc de Montardi), Barranc de Santa Anna valley (vall del Barranc de Santa Anna) and almost all of the Val d’Asua valley (Vall d’Àssua).

In the north, the land is bordered by the municipality of Espot, in the north-east by Rialp, in the south by Soriguera, and in the west by Baix Pallars and Torre de Capdella.

Architectural sights and what to see

Sant Feliu de Sort is the parish church of the city, in the old municipal district, the Pallars district of Sobir. It is located in the city center, in the Plaza Mayor, opposite the C13 national highway. This monument of Romanesque architecture belongs to the objects of cultural significance and is protected by the state.

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The church has three naves and a rectangular “back” facing the west. Tts facade is located at the foot of the nave. In the north-eastern part of the tower stands a powerful bell tower.

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Sant Esteve de Castellviny – a parish church, is also included on the list of Spain’s architectural heritage sights. The church was built in a strictly Romanesque style. It is located in the suburbs of Sort.

The ancient fortress of the Counts of Pallars was presumably built in the 11th century. In the Middle Ages, the fortress served as a defense mechanism. In the era of civil wars in Spain, there were prisons in the citadel. Only in 2007, the local municipality opened a museum in this area. Museum expositions are devoted to the Catalan wars, including the era of the Second World War.

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Dorres Roman SPA Baths (Les Bains de Dorres), Cerdanya plateau, Pyrenees, France
Пятница, 23 Ноября 2018 г. 11:41 + в цитатник
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Dorres Roman SPA Baths (Les Bains de Dorres), Cerdanya plateau, Pyrenees, France
The Dorres Roman baths (Les Bains de Dorres) are located on the site of a hot spring (40 ° Celsius), which flows from the foot of the Dorres village. The picturesque village is located in the French Pyrenees at an altitude of 1450 m, on the Cerdanya plateau. This is a historic area in the Pyrenees on the border of Spain and France. In addition to alpine skiing, Cerdanya is interesting for its history, ancient small towns, landscapes and historical and geographical casus in the form of a Spanish enclave on French territory.
The plateau borders the Puigmal ridge (2,910 m high) in the south, and in the north with the Carlit ridge (2,921 m high). To the East of Cerdanya, through a valley called Tet (Têt) it borders the Mediterranean Sea. In the west – through the Segre Valley (Sègre), the plateau borders the Spanish city of La Seu D’Urgell and Andorra.
Cerdanya has a special microclimate – it experiences many sunny days at any time of the year and especially dry air. Therefore, patients with asthma, people suffering from respiratory diseases, as well as those who wish to undergo heliotherapy and who are shown treatment with thermal waters come here for rehabilitation.
The existence of baths has been proven since Roman times, as evidenced by the ancient ruins near the source. The village of Dorres is also known for the development of granite. In 1841, the first wash bowl was cut out of granite, which was used for bathing. Previously, hot sulfur water was also used to wash sheep’s wool.
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It is known that during the war of 1939-1945, French resistance troops were stationed in the village.
After the war, for a long time, the baths were freely available. Only in 1991, new granite baths and a wash basin were built, and the space was fenced off.
Today the local municipality manages the SPA baths.
Thermal springs are rich in hydrogen sulfide and minerals. Their temperature is from 37 ° C to 40 ° C, and it does not change during the year.
Source water analysis conducted by Madame Lucette Martinaggi-Germa in her book “Dorres, Granite et Eau”, issue 2007.
Hydrogen sulfide 1.38.10-4 mol / l
Chlorine 17.50.10-4 mol / l
Sodium 16.90.10-4 mol / liter
Potassium 0,29,10-4 mol / l
Calcium 0,92,10-4 mol / l
Lithium 0.05,10-4 mol / l
Hydrogen nitrogen 1,54,10-4 mol / l
Tin 1,10,10-6 mol / l
Arsenic 5.80.10-7 mol / l
Rubidium 1.30.10-7 mol / l
Tungsten 1,90,10-7 mol / l
Kazium 5,00,10-8 mol / l
Iron 6,50,10-8 mol / l
Magnesium 6,50,10-8 mol / l
Strontium 8,60,10-8 mol / l
Chrome 5.80.10-9 mol / liter
Zinc 8.50.10-9 mol / liter
Antimony 7.80.10-10 mol / liter
Silver 2,30,10-10 mol / l
Cobalt 1,90,10-10 mol / l
Manganese 1.40.10-11 mol / liter
Scandium 8.10.10-12 mol / liter
Consumption: 5 liters / s.
Dorres Roman SPA baths – a skiers’ favorite place to come after skiing to relax and rest.
Opening hours: daily from 9:00 to 19:30.
From mid-November to early December, the baths are closed for a maintenance to be carried out.
The price as of 01/01/2018 is € 5.
Here you can have a wellness massage (Californian massage, shiatsu and Korean relaxing massage) outdoors – in the sundial.
What to do in the area
The Roman baths of Dorres and the baths of Llo (30 minutes by D618, D30, N116, D33) are a great addition for hiking lovers, mountain bike lovers and cyclists: here you can find a huge selection of routes.
The mountain lakes in the Carlit massif is a great place for fishing.

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Miglos castle (Château de Miglos)
Четверг, 22 Ноября 2018 г. 21:14 + в цитатник
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On a hill 750 meters high, inaccessible from all sides except the south towards the village of Arkizat, there are the impressive ruins of the medieval castle of Château de Miglos guarding the valley of Vicdessos (vallée de Vicdessos) and protecting access to the valley of Miglos.
Today Vicdessos is a small village with 620 inhabitants that lies between 600 and 1500 meters and covers almost 600 hectares in the Regional Natural Park of the Pyrenees.
The first mention of the castle was made in 1159. Later, the castle, which belonged to the family of Miglos, became one of the strongholds of the Roman Church during the war with the Cathars. The main function of the castle is to protect the neighborhood of Foix (together with le château de Montréal de Sos, Olbier). Among the “allies” of the castle of Miglos on the side of Tarascon were also the Castles Quie and Genat (les châteaux de Quié et Génat).
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For some reason (perhaps due to belonging to the Qatari heresy), the Miglos family lost the castle to the Ussons’ family. Then the castle changed ownership several times over several centuries. It belonged consistently to the families of Rabat, Arnave, Léon, Louvie, Béon, Goth, Montaut.
In 1789, Jean-Louis de Montaut became Baron Miglos.
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Presumably in late August 1792, the castle was burned after the events caused by the French Revolution. The baron’s family left the castle in ruins and settled in a large house located next to the village d’Arquizat, which later became a farm.
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The area on which the castle was built is about 100 meters long and 30 meters wide. The main building material of the castle, as well as all the buildings of the Middle Ages, was limestone.
Recent research, however, identified another building material – fish bones.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Sights-of-Pyrenean-France_-Castle-of-Miglos-Château-de-Miglos.-Province-Ariege_travel-guide_architecture-200x300.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...guide_architecture-200x300.png 200w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...uide_architecture-768x1152.png 768w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...uide_architecture-683x1024.png 683w" width="800" />
In 1987, “The Association of friends of the castle Miglos” was created. In 1991, the works for its restoration began. Currently, the castle is an object that is protected under the “Historical Monuments”.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Cathars_Sights-of-Pyrenean-France_-Castle-of-Miglos-Château-de-Miglos.-Province-Ariege-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...s.-Province-Ariege-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...s.-Province-Ariege-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Every year in September, the castle participates in the “Heritage Days”. This year there was a presentation of the film “Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Miglos Castle,” in which layouts, topographic surveys, ancient engravings and 3D modeling were used.

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The castle of Lordat (le château de Lordat) is one of the oldest and largest feudal castles in the county of Foix
Четверг, 22 Ноября 2018 г. 19:44 + в цитатник

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

четверг, 22 ноября 2018 г.

The castle of Lordat (le château de Lordat) is one of the oldest and largest feudal castles in the county of Foix

 
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/The-castle-of-Lordat-le-château-de-Lordat-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...226;teau-de-Lordat-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...226;teau-de-Lordat-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The castle of Lordat (le château de Lordat), located in the municipality of Lordat (Ariège department) is one of the oldest and largest feudal castles in the county of Foix. This is a classic example of Pyrenean medieval military architecture.
At the foot of the castle lies the village of Lordat (altitude about 900 m above sea level) – it borders the canton (administrative-territorial unit in the district, covering several communes) Les Cabannes.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-m-above-sea-level-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-m-above-sea-level-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The number of inhabitants of the village in 2017 was 45 people. There are 17 residential houses, 28 residences and the complete absence of abandoned or empty houses in the village.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_houses-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...e-sea-level_houses-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...e-sea-level_houses-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The castle is one of the most interesting places in Ariège due to its strategic location and width of the walls. The northern wall is a continuation of the cliff, at a height of 50 m. The walls of the main four-story tower are the thickest compared to the other walls of the castle.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_castle-lordat-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle-lordat-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle-lordat-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The construction of the castle probably dates from the 9th-10th centuries. The first mention of the castle was made in 1034 – when Bernard, Count of Carcassonne, presented it to his son Roger, the first Count of Foix. Initially, the county of Foix was a senoria (a collection of land plots with land ownership, collection of duties, and tax payments) in the county of Carcassonne.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_streets-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-sea-level_streets-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-sea-level_streets-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Roger died childless around 1064, after which the castle passed to the third of his brother’s sons, Bernard I Roger, Pierre Bernard.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_church_castle-200x300.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_church_castle-200x300.png 200w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...vel_church_castle-768x1152.png 768w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...vel_church_castle-683x1024.png 683w" width="800" />
It is known that in 1244 the castle was captured by the Cathars during the Crusade. At the end of the XIII century, the castle passed into the hands of the King of Aragon, who demanded its destruction. The castle fell into ruins, but the entrance, protected by a tower, retained its original appearance.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_castle_ariege-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle_ariege-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle_ariege-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
On September 8, 1923, the castle was included in the list of historical monuments of France.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_ariege-sights-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_ariege-sights-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_ariege-sights-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
After a long renovation, on June 4, 2016, the castle was opened to the public.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

четверг, 22 ноября 2018 г.

The castle of Lordat (le château de Lordat) is one of the oldest and largest feudal castles in the county of Foix

 
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/The-castle-of-Lordat-le-château-de-Lordat-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...226;teau-de-Lordat-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...226;teau-de-Lordat-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The castle of Lordat (le château de Lordat), located in the municipality of Lordat (Ariège department) is one of the oldest and largest feudal castles in the county of Foix. This is a classic example of Pyrenean medieval military architecture.
At the foot of the castle lies the village of Lordat (altitude about 900 m above sea level) – it borders the canton (administrative-territorial unit in the district, covering several communes) Les Cabannes.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-m-above-sea-level-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-m-above-sea-level-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The number of inhabitants of the village in 2017 was 45 people. There are 17 residential houses, 28 residences and the complete absence of abandoned or empty houses in the village.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_houses-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...e-sea-level_houses-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...e-sea-level_houses-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The castle is one of the most interesting places in Ariège due to its strategic location and width of the walls. The northern wall is a continuation of the cliff, at a height of 50 m. The walls of the main four-story tower are the thickest compared to the other walls of the castle.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_castle-lordat-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle-lordat-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle-lordat-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The construction of the castle probably dates from the 9th-10th centuries. The first mention of the castle was made in 1034 – when Bernard, Count of Carcassonne, presented it to his son Roger, the first Count of Foix. Initially, the county of Foix was a senoria (a collection of land plots with land ownership, collection of duties, and tax payments) in the county of Carcassonne.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_streets-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-sea-level_streets-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-sea-level_streets-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Roger died childless around 1064, after which the castle passed to the third of his brother’s sons, Bernard I Roger, Pierre Bernard.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_church_castle-200x300.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_church_castle-200x300.png 200w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...vel_church_castle-768x1152.png 768w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...vel_church_castle-683x1024.png 683w" width="800" />
It is known that in 1244 the castle was captured by the Cathars during the Crusade. At the end of the XIII century, the castle passed into the hands of the King of Aragon, who demanded its destruction. The castle fell into ruins, but the entrance, protected by a tower, retained its original appearance.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_castle_ariege-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle_ariege-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_castle_ariege-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
On September 8, 1923, the castle was included in the list of historical monuments of France.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/At-the-foot-of-the-castle-lies-the-village-of-Lordat-altitude-about-900-m-above-sea-level_ariege-sights-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_ariege-sights-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...evel_ariege-sights-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
After a long renovation, on June 4, 2016, the castle was opened to the public.

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The city of Ax-les-Thermes
Четверг, 22 Ноября 2018 г. 18:17 + в цитатник
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Ax-les-Thermes is a city in the south of France (Ariege department, French Pyrenees), located at an altitude of 720-740 m above sea level. The population of the city in 2015 was 1,230 people.
The city is located at the intersection of three valleys – La vallée de la Lauze, l’Oriège and l’Ariège. This location makes it ideal for hiking – both in winter and summer.
At 3.5 km from the city there is a small lake (lac de Campauleil) or, as it is also called, Lake d’Orgeix, with a small dam on the River d’Orgeix (height 814 m above level). The Orgeix castle was built here (château d’Orgeix). It belonged to a family of marquis by the name of Thonel d’Orgeix, who owned the lands around Ax. According to a legend, the head of the family, Jean-François Joseph de Thonel d’Orgeix received the title of Marquis in 1817. After that, the construction of the castle began, which was carried out in several stages on the site of an old forge (it was owned by the ancestors of the Tonel de Orzhey family). There are 40 rooms in the castle, and balls and masquerades were often held there.
The only heir to the castle, the last (fifth) Marquis Jean de Orzhey, was a passionate man and a great adventurer. He won the bronze medal at the Olympic Games in London in 1948, was known in French cinema under the pseudonym Jean Pâqui, as well as the pilot who drove vintage cars. In 2006, at the age of 85, he died in a car accident. Soon after, the castle became the property of the state.
In 2013, the French national energy company EDF began to build a dam on the lake. Because of this, the lake, in which trout and perch were once found, was drained and fishing stopped.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ax-les-thermes_resort_city_france-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...resort_city_france-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...resort_city_france-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
However, it is worth returning back to the city of Ax-les-Thermes. In the 1900s, in connection with the construction of the railway, this city became a real tourist destination. Why? There are several reasons for this.
Sights and  what to see
In 1956, a ski resort was opened here covering about 75 km of slopes (red and mostly black). There are three ski areas in Ax: the first mainly contains beginners slopes, the second is the zone for children (at the very bottom and at the very top). And, finally, a zone for free-riders.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ax-les-thermes_ski-lifts-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-thermes_ski-lifts-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...-thermes_ski-lifts-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The lifts in Ax-les-Thermes operate all year round and allow you to do mountain biking in spring, summer and autumn. In addition, for hikers and lovers of hiking, new mountain routes opened in 2017.
For lovers of summer sports: near the city center there are several tennis courts and mini golf centres.
However, the main attraction of the city is its hot springs; the hottest spa in the Pyrenees. The temperature of the sources reach 76-78 degrees Celsius. They are rich in silicon dioxide, sodium and especially hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur produces a peculiar and distinctive odor.
The natural temperature is a very important characteristic in terms of anti-bactericidal properties. This water can burn. The water is absolutely natural, therefore it is 100% curative. It is recommended for patients with sciatica, rheumatism and some respiratory tract infections. It has zero bacteria. And the composition of the water has not changed for many centuries.
According to the established tradition, every year on the day of San Joan (the celebration of the summer solstice), tourists come to Ax-les-Thermes to take a hydrogen sulfide bath amid burning torches.
These natural water sources were known about even in Gallo-Roman times. The King of Louis IX during the Crusade decided to create a hospital here to treat lepers disease. In 1260, with the blessing of Louis IX, Roger IV de Foix, count of Foix, built the Ladrov pool (Bassin des Ladres) near the hospital of Saint Louis for this purpose.
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Until the mid-18th century, Ax-les-Thermes’ spa or Barry des Bains was concentrated around Bassin des Ladres. It was located next to the hospital and the adjoining chapel called “Notre Dame du Bain” (Notre Dame du Bain).
For centuries, thermal water was widely used for scalding pigs, preparing hot dishes, and even brewing coffee (when boiled, the unpleasant smell of the water disappears).
Natural parks
Next to Ax-les-Thermes is the 708.32 hectare state forest park. This is a natural area of ecological, faunistic and floristic interest (Zone naturelle d’intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique, ZNIEFF). You can spot wild boars, marmots and martens, the bearded man (a bird from the family of hawks), wood grouse and black woodpeckers.
Less than 10 km from Ax-les-Thermes is the national park of Orlu, which covers an area of 4000 hectares. The wood-grouse, the golden eagle and the gray partridge are found here.
Architecture and city attractions
The highlight of Ax-les-Thermes is the presence of fountains with thermal water – for example, the Fontaine des Neiges, Coustou, Couzillou, Canon, and the pool Le Bassin de L’Axéenne. In essence, these are big foot baths. They opened in 2016 at Place Saint-Jérôme, next to the Saint-Jérôme d’Ax-les-Thermes church and face the main shopping street and are intended for the general public.
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A few words about the church. The first stone was laid on April 24, 1607 – in the year of the foundation of the brotherhood of the blue penitent sinners. The brotherhood of repentant sinners arose in Genoa in the fourteenth century. A century later, they appeared in the cities of Provence. Brotherhoods united Catholic parishioners, who differed in the color of their robes, depending on their responsibilities. The clothes were a robe with a hood and a belt. White clothes were worn by those who cared for the sick, black ones by those who were engaged in burial, the red ones were worn by those who looked after orphans, and blue ones by those who welcomed travelers, prisoners and tried to free slaves.
The church of Saint-Jérôme was built in a part of the city, destroyed by a violent fire in 1586. The construction was funded by donations. It was consecrated on the day of St. Vincent, the patron saint of the city, on January 22, 1608. In 1705, 1831, 1906 and 1907, the building was renovated and has a rectangular shape. Since 1990, the chapel serves as a venue for exhibitions.

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History of France: the city of Foix and Henry IV (Navarre) – the future king of France and the founder of the Bourbon dynasty
Четверг, 22 Ноября 2018 г. 17:43 + в цитатник

History of France: the city of Foix and Henry IV (Navarre) – the future king of France and the founder of the Bourbon dynasty

849: Submission of the Abbey of Foix by Charles “Bald” (Charles le Chauve) to Abbey of Saint-Tiberius

Around 1002: the first mention of the Chateau de Foix

1167: All new inhabitants of Foix were granted the privileges to live in the city of Roger Bernard the First and his wife, Cécile Trencavel

1272: the reign of Philip the Third (Philippe III) the Brave, who settled in the castle

1290: Count of Foix inherits Béarn and leaves Foix

Around 1330-1360: construction of the second castle tower

1390: Eight of 59 Foix mills built

1446: Gaston IV, father of Jean de Narbonne, gives 400 crowns for the construction of the bridge in Foix

1454-1457: main work on the construction of the main Foix bridge

1581: Protestant destruction of the church and abbey of Foix

1582: the reunification of the Catholics of Foix, the beginning of the religious wars

1589: Henri de Navarre, Count of Foix, becomes king of France

1804: Saint Volusien Abbey Buildings partially destroyed by fire

January 13, 1840: the prefect shot the peasants at the Kings Fair (la foire des Rois) – 12 dead and about 50 wounded

1985: construction of the cultural center of Foix

March 17, 1985 – the first elections in the new settlements of Foix Ville and Foix Rural

The source


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Foix city
Четверг, 22 Ноября 2018 г. 17:26 + в цитатник
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Foix – the most touristy city of Ariège (France)
Foix is a city in which (2018) 9,721 people live. It is part of an agglomeration called Country Foix Varilhes (32,000 inhabitants), which, in turn, is part of the Ariège department, with a population of 160,000 inhabitants.
About 90,000 tourists visit the city annually.
The political structure (as of November 2018): the Municipal Council of Foix is made up of 29 municipal councilors, most of whom (24 councilors) are socialists associated with the Europe-écologie-les Verts (left) party. There are 3 elected Republicans (right) and 2 representatives of France’s insoumise (extreme left). Members of the municipal council are elected for a term of 6 years. The next elections will be held in March 2020.
Initially, on the rocky hill where the Château de Foix castle is now located, the Romans built the first defensive fortress. The city of Foix owes its origin to the construction of Charlemagne’s chapel, which later (849) became the abbey of Saint Volusien.
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The founding of the abbey in 849 caused an active city life to begin in the town and its surroundings in the 10th century up to the 12th century. The city reached its peak in the fourteenth century.
In 1536, the first sermon of the Reformation began in Foix, and in 1579 the church of Montgauz was destroyed. The same fate awaited the abbey and its church in 1581.
The following year, Foix was restored by the Catholics, and in 1589, Count of Foix, Henry the Great, King of Navarre, was crowned king of France and became Henry IV.
Sights and what to see?
Among the main attractions of the city is the castle (Chateau de Foix). The documented history of the castle begins in 987. From 1034, it became the main citadel of the county of Foix, which played a prominent role in the history of medieval France. Since the 1890s, it has been one of France’s monuments of history and culture.
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Today, the Chateau de Foix is one of the most interesting sights in the Southern Pyrenees. This majestic citadel, towering on a rocky hill above the city of the same name, is listed by the French Ministry of Culture on the list of monuments of national importance. The three towers – the main architectural elements of this castle – are examples of fortification art from different periods. The two square towers belong to the XII century, and a large round tower was built in the XV century.
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Chateau de Foix, whose foundation dates back to the tenth century, was a strong fortress that withstood Simon de Montfort IV’s repeated attacks between 1211 and 1217 during the Albigoi crusade.
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In 1272, when Count Foix refused to recognize the sovereignty of the king of France, Philip “Bald” personally took over the leadership of the expedition against the city, after which the count gave up.
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In 1290, at a meeting in the Béarn district and the county of Foix, the city was practically abandoned by the counts. Gaston the Third was the last to live in the castle, and by the sixteenth century the castle had lost its military purpose.
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Subsequently, the castle was used as a prison until 1864.
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Other interesting attractions to see include:
The court building (1811) – the governor’s palace of Foix, which then became the property of the state.
Arget Square: an 18th century stone fountain (made of sandstone)
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/foix_sights_architecture-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...ights_architecture-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...ights_architecture-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Street Rue des Chapeliers – in house number 23 the hotel Sere-Treville (belonged to the family of Treville, captain of the musketeers of the king, a friend of D’Artagnan) was previously located.
Rue du Palais de Justice is the first residential street of the city where the first church of Foix was built.
Rue de l’Arget street – here there are two medieval towers
Rue de la préfecture street – a house with caryatids

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The history of Catalonia: the city of Ripoll and the Romanesque monastery of Santa Maria
Вторник, 20 Ноября 2018 г. 17:30 + в цитатник
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The history of Catalonia: the city of Ripoll and the Romanesque monastery of Santa Maria
The first mentions of the presence of people in Ripoll belong to the Bronze Age (1500-600 BC). This information refers to small, disparate settlements near the Ter and Freser rivers, surrounded by mountains. The findings of bronze objects and tools confirm these assumptions.
In the IX century, residents of the surrounding areas began to concentrate around the place that today is called the city of Ripoll. The initiator of the settlement in this area was Count Wilfred the Hairy (Guifré el Pelós) (840-897).
This historical character of French origin, considered one of the fathers of the Catalan nation, founded in 879 the Romanesque monastery of Santa Maria. The monastery was governed by a community of monks on the orders of St. Benedict. The first head of the monastic community was Abbot Oliba, whose name is associated with the main stages of the formation of the monastery as the center of lands in the area of Ripoll. These works were closely associated with the increase in the political, economic and jurisdictional power of the monastery in Catalonia.
For the sake of their security, the Ripolians settled near the monastery, which built a wall in the XIV century in order to guarantee peace for the population and not to be attacked from the outside. Security, as well as the construction of a water channel from the Fraser River, provoked the development of trade in the region. The water channel became the most powerful economic engine for the population and contributed to the development of industries such as iron processing, weaving, and woodworking.
In 1428, however, the monastery and its walls suffered serious damage as a result of an earthquake. The restoration of the monastery, which took place in the 15th century, led to the appearance of arches and vaults already in the Gothic style. However, the structure of the church has not been changed.
The city itself continued to develop beyond the destroyed walls of the monastery, when two new districts and new quarters appeared. And the precipice on the other side of the river Ter, formed as a result of the earthquake, was chosen by the abbot Climent Mai in 1573 as the site for the construction of the first Ripoll hospital.
Despite the fact that the population respected the monastery, confrontations between the monastery and the villagers, who in one way or another wanted to get rid of economic control and pressure from the abbey, were not uncommon in that era.
This situation was exacerbated by the consequences of military conflicts. First of all, we are talking about the so-called Spanish-French War of the Reapers 1640-1659 (Guerra dels Segadors) and the presence of French troops in the territory of Ripoll.
During the 16th and 18th centuries, Ripoll experienced rapid economic growth, in particular, thanks to the manufacturing of firearms (cannons, muskets). This fact made Ripoll one of the main weapon centers of both Spain and all of Europe.
In parallel, the city developed textile production, a chocolate factory appeared, and mills were built for the production of flour. This situation persisted until the beginning of the XIX century. During the War of Independence (1808-1814), the French often attacked Ripoll. The walls of the city suffered serious damage.

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Ripoll
Вторник, 20 Ноября 2018 г. 16:34 + в цитатник
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The cradle of Catalonia: Ripoll and its tourist attractions
Ripoll (Catalan version – Ripoll) is a municipality in Spain, which is part of the province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia. The municipality is part of the Ripollès district.
The city is located in a picturesque green mountain gorge where you can find the confluence of two rivers: Ter and Freser.
The first mentions of the presence of people in Ripoll belong to the Bronze Age (1500-600 BC). This information refers to small, disparate settlements near the Ter and Freser rivers, surrounded by mountains. The findings of bronze objects and tools confirm these assumptions.
In the IX century, residents of the surrounding areas began to concentrate around the place that today is called the city of Ripoll. The initiator of the settlement in this area was Count Guifré el Pelós (840-897).
Ripoll, because of its strategic location at the crossroads and because of its early industrial and business activities — the cradle of Catalonia’s industrialization — has always been the focus of French and Spanish military conflicts throughout history.
Throughout its history, Ripoll served as a major industrial center, primarily associated with metallurgy and iron processing. For example, in the 16th and 18th centuries, the city was known throughout Europe for its connection with the production of firearms, mainly cannons and muskets.
However, the equally important role of the city is the cultural heritage of Catalonia. Not without reason, at the end of the 19th century the phrase “Ripoll – the cradle of Catalonia” appeared. And one of the best Catalan writers of all time, Jacint Verdaguer, in his Canigó poem describes the city in the 11th song:
“In Ripoll, we discover the quintessence of modernism in architecture, created during technological progress and industrialization in the vicinity of the Ter and Freser rivers”.
Major tourist attractions and what to see:
The main architectural landmark of the city is the monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. This is one of the most famous and memorable historic buildings in Catalonia. Gothic basilica, vaults and arches make it a must-visit for art lovers. Many famous names in Catalan history are associated with the monastery: Count Gifre the Hairy (Guifré el Pelós), considered as one of the fathers of the Catalan nation, Abbot Oliba, Count Ramon Berenguer III and IV, Bishop Josep.
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Opening hours:
Summer schedule (from April 1 to September 30)
Morning: from 10:00 to 14:00.
Afternoon: from 16:00 to 19:00.
Sunday and public holidays: from 10:00 to 14:00
From June 26 to September 11
On Sundays from 10:00 to 14:00 and from 16:00 to 19:00.
Winter hours (from October 1 to March 30)
Morning: from 10:00 to 13:30.
Afternoon: from 15:30 to 18:00.
Sunday and public holidays: from 10:00 to 14:00.
December 25 and 26 and January 1 and 6: CLOSED
December 24 and 31 and January 5: from 10:00 to 14:00.
The Ethnographic Museum of Ripoll is also a must-visit as it is considered to be the main ethnographic museum in Catalonia.
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The museum, in particular, features the L’Scriptorium Archive, an important tourist attraction in Ripoll. The archive contains the original manuscripts written by the Benedictine monks of the monastery of Santa Maria. Many of the documents date back to the 10th, 11th, and 12th centuries. The archive in Ripoll is named as one of the most important artefacts of Europe from a paleographic, textual and artistic point of view. In particular, in the archive you can see the originals of two great handwritten Bibles from the 11th century.
The L’Scriptorium Archive is a permanent exhibition that, interactively and didactically, makes it possible to discover the cultural past of the Monastery of Santa Maria.
Opening hours:
September to June
From Tuesday to Saturday: from 10:00 to 13:30 and from 16:00 to 18:00
Sunday and public holidays: from 10:00 to 14:00
July August
From Tuesday to Saturday: from 10:00 to 13:30 and from 16:00 to 19:00
Sunday and public holidays: from 10:00 to 14:00
* Mondays of August: from 10 to 14 hours
Prices: 4 euros. The last Sunday of every month is free.
Address: Plaça de l’Abat Oliba s / n 17500 Ripoll, telephone: 972 703 144

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Thermal tourism and SPA. Hydrogen sulfide baths with hot water in the open air. Saint-Thomas-les-Bains, East Pyrenees, France
Вторник, 20 Ноября 2018 г. 15:41 + в цитатник

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Thermal tourism and a healthy lifestyle. Hydrogen sulfide baths with hot water in the open air. Saint-Thomas-les-Bains, East Pyrenees, France

Imagine an amphitheater made of stone, in the center of which is a blue lagoon, and next to it is a round pool for children. This is the outer part of the thermal complex of San Thomas (Saint-Thomas-les-Bains).

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The thermal water of the San Thomas complex is one of the warmest Pyrenean springs (it can reach 58°C). The water temperature in the lagoon ranges between 34° to 38° (depending on the time of year).

The outdoor pools are equipped with a jacuzzi, massage jets and temperature-controlled “sulfuric” showers.

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The chemical composition of the water (1 litre):

Sodium Sulfur – 0.0222

Sodium – 0.0210

Sodium bicarbonate – 0.0478

Silicon Dioxide – 0.0620

Sodium Chloride – 0,0150

Sodium Sulphate – 0,0110

Lime sulfate, lime and magnesia – 0,0200

Nitrogen substance – 0,0600.

The healing properties of water are known to moisturize the skin, heal wounds, and can be used for relaxation therapies.

/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Hydrogen-sulfide-baths-with-hot-water-in-the-open-air.-Saint-Thomas-les-Bains-East-Pyrenees-France_SPA-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...yrenees-France_SPA-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...yrenees-France_SPA-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />

In addition to the three outdoor pools, the thermal complex includes a visit to the steam bath (hammam) with eucalyptus essential oils and a course of color therapy. Inside the complex there is also a sauna and jacuzzi. Among the procedures of massage rooms you can find mud baths, wraps, modern methods of facial and body care. There is also a tea room.

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Age restrictions (internal SPA)- children up to 12 years.

Near the complex is a laboratory which manufactures cosmetics.

/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/sauna-and-jacuzzi_amphytheter-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...acuzzi_amphytheter-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...acuzzi_amphytheter-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />

The baths were reconstructed in 1993.

Opening hours:
Sunday 10 AM-7:40 PM
Monday 10 AM-7:40 PM
Tuesday 10 AM-7:40 PM
Wednesday 10 AM-7:40 PM
Thursday 10 am-7:40 pm
Friday 10 am-7:40 pm
Saturday 10 am-7:40 pm

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Bassella Moto Museum in Catalonia, Pyrenees
Вторник, 20 Ноября 2018 г. 14:48 + в цитатник
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Bassella Moto Museum in Catalonia
The Bassella Motorcycle Museum gives continuity to the task performed by Mario Soler (1907-1991), a devoted motorbike and mechanics fan, who for many years, in his small workshop in Bassella (Lleida), with his hands and talent, recovered a great number of motorcycles. Thanks to this effort, he became a reputable restorer and one of the first collectors in Spain.
At the time of opening, back in 2002, it was the first museum specifically focused on the world of the two wheels to be operative in Spain. Nowadays, it is recognized as one of the best motorcycle museums in Europe and it has become an icon for all motorsport fans and an obligatory stop on the route to Andorra.
About 5000 visitors come to see an exhibition every year.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/bassella-museum-motorcycles_collection-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...rcycles_collection-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...rcycles_collection-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
The rarest exhibits in the collection are Neracar 1929, as its name shows, “near a car”, it pretended to become a car but could not reach it, or the Corgi Excelsior Spirit 1944, used during the Normandy landing (World War II) in order to support the ground troops. Among the most ancient exhibits are two French motorcycles – Clement, 142cc from 1902 and Peugeot 200cc from 1909. Each bike of the museum has its own story, some of them very curious.
The motorcycles are from all around the world: France, England, Spain, Italy, the USA, Switzerland, Germany and others.
Latest main purchase was a unique Peugeot from 1909.
It is a private initiative managed by the Motorcycle Museum Foundation Mario Soler, a non-profit entity that works in order to promote the motorcycles values, its past, present and future and is in charge of the Bassella Motorcycle Museum as well.
The museum covers more than 1000m2, split into two different open plan halls to discover the fascinating motorcycle world through a wide selection of national and international brands.
On the ground floor of the museum, the visitor can see some of the models produced at the start of the 20th century fitted with gas lights, like a Clement from 1902 manufactured in France or a spectacular 4 cylinders FN with a wicker side-car from 1914.
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As well as an evolution along the mythical European brands, BSA, Norton, Triumph, Ducati, and some rare interesting units like a Gillet España that was used by the Spanish police and of which only 50 units were manufactured.
American brands are exhibited there as well, such as an Indian from 1925 or a Harley-Davidson with side-car used as a taxi in Barcelona.
The exhibition also includes a selection of the main national Spanish brands, like Montesa, Bultaco, OSSA, Derbi, Sanglas, Rieju, Lube, and the consequences of the Japanese brands’ invasion with specific examples as is the case of the Montesa-Honda created in 1986.
The basement floor of the Bassella Motorcycle Museum is devoted to competition models, from those handcrafted prototypes at the start of the 20th century to the most sophisticated bikes of today like the Honda 125cc with which Emilio Alzamora won The World Championship in 1999. The tour includes several off-road types (trial, enduro and motocross) where the national brands played a very important role during the 60s and 70s. There are also mythical models that participated in several races like the Dakar Rally or the popular endurance race 24 Hours of Montjuic, that took place in the old urban circuit of Barcelona between 1955 and 1986.
Finally, in the centre of the museum the original workshop stands out, where Mario Soler refurbished the majority of the motorcycles that shape the present collection. Everything was carefully transported piece by piece from its former location in Bassella, keeping all the elements and original details which constitute one of the most remarkable areas in the Museum, where time stopped more than 20 years ago.

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Сероводородные ванны с горячей водой на открытом воздухе: Saint-Thomas-les-Bains, Восточные Пиренеи, Франция
Воскресенье, 18 Ноября 2018 г. 18:46 + в цитатник

Сероводородные ванны с горячей водой на открытом воздухе: Saint-Thomas-les-Bains, Восточные Пиренеи, Франция

 
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Термальный туризм и здоровый образ жизни. Сероводородные ванны с горячей водой на открытом воздухе. Saint-Thomas-les-Bains, Восточные Пиренеи, Франция
Представьте себе амфитеатр, сделанный из камня, в центре которого расположена голубая лагуна, а по соседству с ней – круглый бассейн для детей. Это внешняя часть термального комплекса Сан-Томас (Saint-Thomas-les-Bains).
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Термальная вода комплекса Сан-Томас входит в число самых теплых пиренейских источников (она может достигать 58 ° C). Температура воды в лагуне – от 34 ° до 38 ° (в зависимости от времени года).
Внешние бассейны оборудованы джакузи, массажными струями и “серными” душами с регулируемой температурой.
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Химический состав воды (на 1 литр)
Натрия сульфур – 0,0222
Натрий – 0,0210
Бикарбонат натрия – 0,0478
Диоксид кремния – 0,0620
Хлорид натрия – 0,0150
Сульфат натрия – 0,0110
Cульфат извести, известь и магнезия – 0,0200
Азотное вещество – 0,0600.
Целебные свойства воды – увлажнение кожи, заживление ран, релаксотерапия.

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Самая крупная в мире Одейлийская солнечная печь способная вырабатывать температуру более 3000 градусов за секунды
Воскресенье, 18 Ноября 2018 г. 18:45 + в цитатник

Самая крупная в мире Одейлийская солнечная печь способная вырабатывать температуру более 3000 градусов за секунды

 
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Одейлийская солнечная печь (Le four solaire d’Odeillo) — самая крупная в мире солнечная печь, способная вырабатывать температуру более 3000 градусов Цельсия.
Фото: all-andorra.com
Экологические проблемы (глобальное потепление, Киотский протокол), а также рост цен на нефть привели к тому, что учёные Национального центра научных исследований Франции (CNRS) задумались над вопросами преобразования солнечной энергии в электричество и водород. В связи с этим во Франции начались исследовательские программы, и в 1970-х годах была создана лаборатория PROMES, которая расположена при научном комплексе французского городка Одейо (рядом с Фон-Роме) на юге Франции, недалеко от границы с Андоррой.
Одейлийская солнечная печь — самая крупная в мире солнечная печь. Место выбрано в связи с колличеством и качеством солнечного света и чистотой атмосферы. Печь была введена в эксплуатацию в 1970 году.
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Солнечные установки PROMES Национального центра научных исследований Франции способны производить очень высокие температуры (более 3000 ° C). Они оснащены широким спектром реакторов и модульным оборудование, спроектированным и разработанным в лаборатории для обширных научных исследований.
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Максимальная температура 3500° может быть получена в течение нескольких секунд. Печь обеспечивает быстрое изменение температуры и, следовательно, позволяет изучать влияние термических ударов. Области исследования распространяются на авиационную и аэрокосмическою промышленности.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/термическая-печь-франция-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04...еская-печь-франция-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04...еская-печь-франция-768x577.jpg 768w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04...еская-печь-франция-800x601.jpg 800w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/термическая-печь-франция.jpg 1200w" width="1024" />
В центре работает около 150 учёных. Преимущество исследований в том, что здесь нет загрязняющих элементов, так как объекты, который исследуются, нагреваются только с помощью излучения.
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Надпись: “Cиликатный тигель для плавки металлов… Руками не трогать. Опасно для жизни. Дополнительная информация, относящаяся к экспонату: в 10000 сильнее, чем солнце”.

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Колыбель Каталонии: Риполь и его туристические достопримечательности
Воскресенье, 18 Ноября 2018 г. 18:44 + в цитатник

Колыбель Каталонии: Риполь и его туристические достопримечательности

 
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Риполь (каталанский вариант – Ripoll) — муниципалитет в Королевстве Испания, который входит в провинцию Жирона в составе автономного сообщества Каталония. Муниципалитет находится в составе района (комарки) Рипольес.
Город расположен в живописном зеленом горном ущелье в месте слияния двух рек: Тер и Фресер.
Первые упоминания о присутствии человека в Риполе относятся к бронзовому веку (1500-600 гг. до н.э.). Эта информация относится к упоминаниям небольших разрозненных населенных пунктов вблизи рек Тер и Фресер, окруженных горами. Находки бронзовых предметов и орудий труда подтверждают эти предположения.
В IX веке жители близлежащих районов стали концентрироваться вокруг того места, который сегодня называется городом Риполь. Инициатором поселения в этом районе был граф Гифре Волосатый (Guifré el Pelós) (840-897).
Риполь из-за его стратегического расположения на пересечении дорог и из-за его ранней производственной и деловой активности – колыбели протоиндустриализации Каталонии – всегда был на протяжении истории центром военных конфликтов Франции и Испании.
В течение всей истории Риполь выполнял роль крупного промышленного центра, в первую очередь, связанного с металлургией и обработкой железа. Например, в 16 по 18 века город был известен во всей Европе с связи с производством огнестрельного оружия – пушек и мушкетов.
Однако не менее важная роль города – культурное наследие Каталонии. Недаром в конце 19 века появилась фраза “Риполь – колыбель Каталонии”. А один из лучших каталонских писателей всех времен Жасинт Вердагер (Mossèn Jacint Verdaguer) в произведении Каниго (Canigó) описывает город в 11-ой песне:
“В Риполе мы открываем для себя квинтэссенцию модернизма в архитектуре, созданную во время технического прогресса и индустриализации в окрестностях рек Тер и Фресер”.
Основные туристические достопримечательности и что посмотреть?
Самая главная архитектурная достопримечательность города – монастырь Санта Мария де Риполь. Это один из самых известных и запоминающихся исторических сооружений Каталонии. Готическая базилика, своды и арки делают его любопытным для посещения любителями искусства. Многие известные имена каталонской истории связаны с монастырем: Граф Гифре Волосатый (Guifré el Pelós), считающйся одним из отцов каталонской нации, аббат Олиба (Oliba), граф Рамон Беренгер III и IV (Ramon Berenguer III i IV), Епископ Жозеп Моргадес (Josep Morgades).
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Часы работы
Летнее расписание (с 1 апреля по 30 сентября)
Утро: с 10:00 до 14:00.
Вторая половина дня: с 16:00 до 19:00.
Воскресенье и праздничные дни: с 10:00 до 14:00
С 26 июня по 11 сентября
По воскресеньям с 10:00 до 14:00 и с 16:00 до 19:00.
Зимние часы (с 1 октября по 30 марта)
Утро: с 10:00 до 13:30.
Вторая половина дня: с 15:30 до 18:00.
Воскресенье и праздничные дни: с 10:00 до 14:00.
25 и 26 декабря и 1 и 6 января: ЗАКРЫТО
24 и 31 декабря и 5 января: с 10:00 до 14:00.
Представляет интерес для посещения Этнографический музей Риполь – считающийся основным этнографическим музеем Каталонии.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/этнографический-музей_риполь-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...еский-музей_риполь-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...еский-музей_риполь-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
В музее, в частности, представлен Архив L’Scriptorium, – важная туристическая достопримечательность Риполя. В архиве хранятся оригиналы рукописей, написанных монахами-бенедектинцами монастыря Санта Мария. Многие датируются 10, 11, 12 веками. Архив в Риполе называется одним из наиболее важных наследий Европы на палеографическом, текстовом и художественном уровне. В частности, в архиве можно увидеть подлинники двух великих рукописных Библий 11 века.
Архив L’Scriptorium – это постоянная экспозиция, которая интерактивно и дидактически дает возможность познать культурное прошлое Монастыря Санта Мария.

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История Каталонии: город Риполь
Воскресенье, 18 Ноября 2018 г. 14:30 + в цитатник
История Каталонии: город Риполь/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/риполь_история_монастырь_санта-мария-300x200.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...астырь_санта-мария-300x200.png 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...астырь_санта-мария-768x512.png 768w" width="800" />
Первые упоминания о присутствии человека в Риполе относятся к бронзовому веку (1500-600 гг. до н.э.). Эта информация относится к упоминаниям небольших разрозненных населенных пунктов вблизи рек Тер и Фрезер, окруженных горами. Находки бронзовых предметов и орудий труда подтверждают эти предположения.
В IX веке жители близлежащих районов стали концентрироваться вокруг того места, который сегодня называется городом Риполь. Инициатором поселения в этом районе был граф Гифре Волосатый (Guifré el Pelós) (840-897).
Этот исторический персонаж французского происхождения, считающийся одним из отцов каталонской нации, основал в 879 году романский монастырь Санта-Мария (Santa Maria). Им управляло сообщество монахов по приказу святого Бенедикта. Первым главой монашеской общины был аббат Олиба (Oliba), с именем которого связывают основные этапы становления монастыря как центра земель в районе города Риполь. Эти работы были тесно связаны с увеличением политической, экономической и юрисдикционной власти монастыря на каталонской территории.
Рипольцы в целях своей безопасности селились возле монастыря, который в XIV веке возвел стену, чтобы гарантировать населению мирное проживание и не подвергаться атакам из вне. Безопасность, а таккже строительство водного канала от реки Фрезер спровоцировали развитие торговли в регионе. Водный канал стал мощнейшим экономичным двигателем для населения и способствовал развитию таких отраслей, как обработка железа, ткачество, деревообработка.
В 1428 году, однако, в результате землетрясения монастырю и его стенам был нанесен серьезный ущерб. Восстановление монастыря, которое происходило в 15 веке, привело к появлению арок и сводов уже в готическом стиле. Тем не менее структура церкви не была изменена.
Сам город продолжал развиваться и за разрушенными стенами монастыря, появились два новых района и новые кварталы. А обрыв на другой стороне реки Тер, образовавшийся в результате землетрясения, был выбран аббатом Климентом Майем (Climent Mai) в 1573 году местом для строительства первой рипольской лечебницы.
Несмотря на уважение к монастырю, в ту эпоху были не редки конфронтации между монастырем и сельскими жителями, которые так или иначе хотели избавиться от экономического контроля и давления со стороны аббатства.
Эта ситуация усугублялась последствиями военных конфликтов . В первую очередь, речь идет о так называемой испанско-французской Войне Жнецов 1640-1659 (Guerra dels Segadors) и присутствии французских войск на территории Риполя.
В течение 16-го и 18-го столетий Риполь переживал бурный экономический рост, в частности, благодаря производству огнестрельного оружия (пушки, мушкеты). Этот факт сделал Риполь одним из оружейных центров как Испании, так и всей Европы.
Параллельно в городе развивалось производство текстиля, появилась шоколадная фабрика, были построены мельницы для производства муки. Эта ситуация сохранялась до начала XIX века. Во время Войны за независимость (1808-1814) французы часто атаковали Риполь. Стенам города наносился серьезный ущерб.
Кроме того, рипольцы в 1812 году сумели освободиться от власти аббатства, которому они были подчинены с XIX века. Окончательный удар, который положил конец господству монастыря и периоду экономического процветания, произошел в рамках Первой Карлистской войны (1833-1840).

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Les fleurs emblématiques des Pyrénées
Суббота, 17 Ноября 2018 г. 14:27 + в цитатник

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Les fleurs emblématiques des Pyrénées

Auteur: Alain Place

L’idée n’est pas de faire un listing exhaustif de toutes les plantes des montagnes (ce qui serait un travail de titan !) mais d’extraire quelques espèces représentatives, rares ou emblématiques, afin d’acquérir quelques connaissances permettant d’identifier facilement les spécimens que l’on croise le plus souvent et qui définissent le mieux le milieu montagnard.

Crépide orangée: Cette crépide d’altitude se reconnaît facilement à la couleur orangée de ses capitules. C’est une plante des pelouses et des pentes rocailleuses. 

Asphodèle : L’asphodèle blanc est une liliacée de très grande taille, puisque sa tige peut atteindre facilement la respectable hauteur d’un mètre cinquante. Elle commence à pousser vers la fin mars, ses feuilles d’un beau vert brillant, lancéolées, sortant alors de terre en laissant pousser au centre une tige drue de fort diamètre couronnée d’un énorme bouton marron bientôt strié de noir et de blanc./all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Asphodèle-188x300.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Asphodèle-188x300.png 188w" width="218" />

Digitale : La digitale pourpre vit à l’état sauvage en plaine, mais aussi en moyenne montagne, jusqu’à 1000 m d’altitude. C’est plante aussi magnifique que spectaculaire peut atteindre 2 mètres de hauteur. Elle se reconnait très facilement grâce à ses très nombreuses fleurs en forme de clochettes et formant de longues hampes florale. Vous aurez plus de chances de la croiser dans des zones ombragées et fraiches.

Trèfle : Les trèfles sont des plantes herbacées de la famille des Fabacées. Ils sont caractérisés par leurs feuilles composées à trois folioles et leur capacité à fixer l’azote atmosphérique grâce à des bactéries symbiotiques hébergées dans leurs racines.

Bistorte : La Renouée bistorte  est une plante vivace qui aime les prairies humides. Ses feuilles est l’un des meilleurs légumes sauvages./all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Bistorte-174x300.png" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Bistorte-174x300.png 174w" width="215" /> Trolles d’Europe : Le trolle d’Europe, encore appelé trolle de montagne ou boule d’or est une très belle plante vivace indigène appartenant à la famille des Renonculacées. Le trolle d’Europe est une espèce montagnarde, présente au-dessus de 500 m d’altitude dans tous nos massifs français. Il affectionne les prairies humides.

Colchique : La colchique est connue pour annoncer la fin de l’été, mais vous pouvez en vérité la rencontrer de juillet à septembre dans les prairies d’altitude, jusqu’à 2600 mètres. C’est une très belle plante sauvage à bulbe, avec des pétales striés d’un violet plus foncé. Elle possède 6 étamines, ce qui permet de la différencier du crocus qui n’en possède que 3. 

Perce neige : Le perce-neige ou Galanthus nivalis est une plante à bulbe de la famille des Liliaceae (ou des Amaryllidaceae). Cette plante, originaire d’Europe et d’Asie, est la première fleur à fleurir dans l’année, dès la fin du mois de janvier ou le mois de février. Elle doit son nom à sa capacité à percer une petite couche de neige.

Voir ici


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Les arbres communs des Pyrénées
Суббота, 17 Ноября 2018 г. 14:26 + в цитатник

Les arbres communs des  Pyrénées

Auteur: Alain Place

Le charme : Carpinus betulus. Famille des Bétulacées, comme l’Aulne, le Bouleau et le Noisetier. Apprécie les sols neutres, assez riches, argileux et frais mais redoute les humus acides et les sols marécageux. Après le Hêtre et le Chêne, il est l’arbre à feuilles caduques le plus abondant de France, surtout dans les plaines et sur les plateaux du Nord et de l’Est, où il constitue la base des taillis. Il est également souvent utilisé pour former des haies taillées, les charmilles. De faible longévité, il ne vit en moyenne que jusqu’à 150 ans. Il s’élève peu en montagne (1100m).

Le châtaignier : De nom latin Castanea sativa, membre de la famille des Fagacées, comme le Hêtre et le Chêne.

Originaire d’Europe méridionale et orientale, il couvre globalement environ 1,5% de la forêt française.

Essence de lumière ou demi-ombre, peux se contenter de sols pauvres, acides ou sableux.

Cependant, il craint les grands froids et les sols calcaires. La Bretagne et le Massif Central correspondent à ses attentes et il y est très présent. Il s’associe au Pin sylvestre et au Chêne sessile, mais apprécie surtout de se retrouver avec ses semblables. Un de ses records est sa longévité ! il atteint les 500 à 1.000 ans et il existe même en Sicile, sur une pente de l’Etna, un châtaignier colossal de 62 mètres de circonférence, âgé d’environ 3.000 ans.

Son tour de tronc voisine facilement avec les 10 m et il monte jusqu’à 35 m de haut.

De croissance rapide, il repousse facilement après la coupe et produit des tiges régulières et faciles d’emploi.

Son bois brun clair servait autrefois à la tonnellerie et en bois de mine. Actuellement, il est utilisé, en menuiserie, petite charpente, piquets et également pour la couverture de bâtiments sous la forme de lauzes de châtaigniers (imputrescible).

Le hêtre : Certains l’appellent Fagus sylvatica, mais c’est du latin, ou alors foyard, fayard, fouteau, fau, suivant les régions. En France, il peuple 10% des forêts. Il appartient à la famille des Fagacées comme le Chêne ou le Châtaignier, car son fruit est maintenu dans une cupule que l’on nomme faine.

Ses feuilles ovales légèrement ondulées, bordées de cils (au printemps) sont disposées de façon alterne sur ses branches. Quant à ses branches, elles s’élèvent en rameaux non tortueux.

Ses racines s’étalent dans les couches superficielles du sol, avec un ancrage peu profond, mais puissant malgré tout.

On le rencontre en plaine et moyenne montagne, dans le bassin parisien, le Nord, l’Ouest et surtout l’Est de la France. Il affectionne les sols frais.

Les hêtres vivent en symbiose avec un champignons, le mycorhize. Ils protègent ses racines contre les bactéries, dynamisent avec des substances de croissance, améliorent l’apport en éléments minéraux et en eau…

Son bois est dur, blanc à rosé, moucheté de mailles foncées, et est durable mais altérable par l’humidité.

Recommandé pour son usage pour du contre-plaqué de qualité supérieure, l’ossature de meubles et les jouets.

Voir ici


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Smth. interesting
Пятница, 09 Ноября 2018 г. 21:49 + в цитатник

Offshore company formation. 2% profit tax. Right to work

The registry of companies and offshores in Andorra. To buy a company in Andorra with the opportunity to minimize taxation up to the level of 2% profit tax. “Active” residence with labor permit (Compte propi)

Starting from 2012 non-residents are allowed to launch private Andorran companies with the rights equal to the ones of the citizens of the Principality, though the application for such company should be first of all approved by the Department for Foreign  Investments. A launched company should comply with certain requirements. Thus, due to the existing governmental policy of ecological balance preservation, the applications for industrial projects are declined in the majority of cases. The total amount of activity domains, welcomed by the Government of Andorra, makes up about 200: trade, tourism, high-tech, education, construction etc.

In accordance to new rules, any person that possesses 10% or more of a company has the right to claim for “active” or Category B residency.

*All Andorra: since 2018, there have been new amendments to the Law. To create a company (for the duration of its operation) it is necessary to block the amount of 15,000 euros in the Institute of Finance of Andorra

Currently it is possible to register the following institutional types of private companies:

  1. Societat Limitada (S.L)

It is the analogue of limited liability company. This institutional form will be proper for small business. It is actively used in local trade and service industry. 3000 euro of charter capital is required for the registration of S.L. The Governmental fee for registration of S.L. is 1016 euro. Company name registration separated fee: 5.39 euro.

Notary services for registration cost about 700 euro.

To register NRT (registration number of a company) costs additional 50 euro.

Commercial activity tax for S.L. company makes up about 400 euro per year.

  1. Societat Anonima (S.A.)

It is the analogue of joint-stock company. This institutional form is convenient for big enterprises with a large amount of shareholders. The charter capital makes up 60 000 euro. The final fee for registration is 1803 euro.

  1. Andorra Societat Colectiva

This is the type of the company, where the capital is shared between the partners with unlimited liability. The procedures are the same as for S.L. and S.A.

Less popular institutional types of the companies:

–Andorra Partnership

 – Andorra Sole Propriatorship

 – Andorra Branch (a subsidiary of foreign company that can be launched only by insurance ventures)

The initial documents for the registration of the company

– The legalized certificate from the police of birth country, the country where the passport was issued and the country of residence for the current moment (in case the place of domicile was alternated)

– (in case you are not in Andorra) a legalized copy of passport. That can be substituted by the copy,  that was certified by a notary in Andorra.

– Company charter draft that we are ready to prepare for you in accordance to you plans and preferences.

– The certificate of company’s registration with the name of the company

– Business plan with the description of investment strategy and financial forecasts.

The primary application for obtaining the official name of the company in Catalan is send to corresponding authorities (it is viewed up to 5 days). It should be noted that certain names are prohibited. Further on, so called major application on foreign investments (in case there are any) and the application on launching the venture are submitted. The abovementioned applications are scrutinized at the Government of Andorra and the process may take up to 4 weeks.

Your presence will be necessary at the second stage after getting the permission from the Government. The opening of temporary account in a bank of Andorra and transfers of charter capital sum (3.000 euro for S.L. and 60000 euro for S.A.), that is blocked up to the moment of the society official registration in the Register of Companies, are implemented in your presence. Your presence will also be necessary for signing the society settlement act in the presence of notary officer (1 week after obtaining the permission from the government).

After the registration of the society in the Register of Companies, a notary registration number is inquired – NRT (the analogue of CIF in Spain). From this moment the society is considered valid and may file a request to the municipality of the registration place in corresponding Comu for getting commercial activity permission from the Trade Registry (Registre de Comerc). It is also necessary to obtain the permission of Comu for the operation of premises that you plan to buy or rent for your office. Rental payments for the offices in the center of Andorra la Vella or Escaldes-Engordany start from 300 euro for 50m2 monthly. You may also rent an office at residential area, but the corresponding permission of the owner should obligatory be obtained. Besides, such apartment should have at least 20 m2 room for commercial and business activities. At that, the cost of 1m2 of the trading halls in the main trading streets of Andorra (Meritxell and Carlemany) may come up to 200 euro per month.

After that it is necessary to sign the agreement with a company that will provide account services of the activity. Monthly cost of minimal package of services starts from 200 euro.

The profit tax makes 10%, but there is an opportunity to decrease it to 2% in case the activity of the company is conducted abroad. In case the activity of the company is implemented on the territory of Andorra, it should make 4.5% IGI (VAT) reimbursements.

Active residence and right to work

A foreign citizen may acquire or register an offshore in Andorra. In case he/she doesn’t plan to live or work in Andorra, the residential status is not obligatory. Thus, a company, for instance, may employ a local secretary or manager for the implementation of administrative functions in Andorra.

Otherwise, one may need the status of “active” resident and labor permit. In order to get a labor permit a person should be officially hired by a registered company. Thanks to new alterations that presuppose 100% foreign property, a foreigner, being the Director of his own company, may issue the labor permit for himself. Labor permit is not given to the whole company but to a certain employee.

*Attention of passive residence of Andorra: in Andorra you may also register an international company, but in this case a “passive” resident is deprived of the right to conduct trading activity on the territory of the Principality. Commercial activity within the bounds of the Principality presupposes “active” type of residency.

Which are the rules of social security payments?

The Social Security Fund submits the requirements, obligatory for both individuals and companies. At least one so called autonom should work in the company. Within the first 2 years the amount of monthly payments will make 100 euro, further on the amount of payments, depending on the profits of the company, will make maximum 400 euro monthly. The company is obliged to pay 20% of all salaries to Social Security Fund CASS .

Thus, in the company, where both spouses are the directors, the husband in accordance to his rights may elect trade union and hire his wife. In this case the company will pay 400 euro and 20% of the wife’s salary for the sake of the trade union.  The payments to trade unions are fixed, i.e. you may earn 10 000 euro monthly. The incomes and the amount of floating assets are also not related to the payments for the sake of Social Security Fund.

The peculiarities of Andorran incorporation

The registered offices of the companies in Andorra should obligatory be located on the territory of the Principality and should be registered in accordance to the Law 20/2007 from October 18, 2007 as limited liability or joint-stock companies. This law presupposes the following legal forms of the companies: the company with civil liability (societat anonima SA) and limited liability company (societat de responsabilitat limitada—SL) (both of the abovementioned variants may be personal properties).

It should be mentioned that due to the articles of the Law 20/2007 ,that regulate business activities and contracts, the Commercial Register of Andorra is aimed to improve the level of security of legal commercial deals. The activities, mentioned in Commercial Register, are regulated by the decree from February 20, 2008 that confirms the Control prescription over the Commercial Register. This prescription in its turn was amended by means of Decree from March, 26 2008.

The companies that for the moment, when the Law 20/2007 came into effect, were neither limited liability nor joint-stock companies, but were specialized in industry or the exchange of good by means of the market are considered to be unlimited partnerships. Their activity is regulated by the point of Directive on the Commercial Companies of Andorra, sanctioned by the General Council on May 19, 1983. In partnerships all partners are obliged to pay the debts of their company.

Foreign companies have the right to relocate their registered offices to the territory of Andorra, acquiring the state affiliation of the Principality in case of being correspondent to all the legal terms, presupposed by the Government of Andorra and in case of the absence of any controversies in reference to the legislation of the country of origin with the purpose of legal form preservation.

On April 8, 2008 the General Council has endorsed the Law 2/2008 on foreign investments in the Principality that came into effect on November 7, 2008. The structure of this new law presupposes the direct access to the foreign capital in several domains of the economy, that precedes the authorization of Andorran Government in cases when the volume of investments is equal or surpasses 50% of share capital in such sectors as audiovisual, electronic commerce, aesthetic medicine and healthcare, education, industrial production, based on new technologies and advanced developments. Nevertheless, after 4 years the reform on foreign investments proved to be insufficiently effective for attaining  the compatible level, comparable to the economies of neighbor countries at the given terms.

Correspondingly, the deregulation of foreign investments together with signing the agreement on double taxation exemption and the implementation of direct taxation in reference to the companies and their economic activities favored immensely the economic development due to the economic diversification and high VAT rates. On June 21, 2012 the General Council endorsed the Law 10/2012 on Foreign Investments in the Principality of Andorra. Consequently, the liberalization of foreign investments within all economic domains is accompanied by the major reform that touches upon the economic rights for natural persons. Thus, it has been established that a natural person obtains his/her legal right simultaneously with the legal residential status in the Principality. In particular, the applicable legislation was improved in the part of liberal professions: the obligatory 20-year term of living for non-residents that practice their professions on the territory of Andorra was annihilated.

The banking structures of Andorra are regulated by the specialized legislation that controls financial sector, and in particular by the Law from May 13, 2010, that regulates the legal regime of banking structures and major administrative regime for the financial organizations, as well as by the Law 35/2010 from June 3, 2010 on the authorization regime with the purpose to launch new organizations that will function in the financial system of Andorra.

The Law 2/2008 from April 8, 2008 was complement by the Law 36/2008 from December 18, 2008 that clarifies the issues from the promulgation of the first law regarding the interpretation of the direct foreign investments interpretation procedure and its level of liberalization.

The companies of Andorra should obligatory preserve and file accounting records, prepare and sign annual reports together with the claimed revenue  distribution for  6 months from the end of the year. They should also present annual reports for audit in case 2 of the conditions, presented below, will coincide for the upcoming years:

– The total amount of assets surpasses 3 600 000 euro;

– Net sales surpass 6 000 000 euro;

– The total amount of employees surpasses 25 persons.

Though, the obligatory audit procedure, presupposed by the Law 20/2007, is not valid until the Law on audit is endorsed.

In accordance to the Law 30/2007  on the Accounting of the company, valid for the financial years starting from January 1, 2009 and further on, the commercial companies and entrepreneurs of Andorra, that conduct business or practice professional activities, should obligatory maintain bookkeeping records that correspond by its nature and scale to the International accounting standards and International finance statement reports. This is mentioned in the General Governmental Plan of Bookkeeping accounts that was issued on July 30, 2008 and came into effect on January 1, 2009.

The Law 30/2007 on the Accounting of the company was complemented by the following laws: https://all-andorra.blogspot.com/2018/11/0911-2018.html

– The Law 8/2010 presupposes disciplinary regime that guarantees complete correspondence to accounting obligations, presupposed by the Law 30/2007. It also enlarged the threshold  volume of annual turnover up to 250 000 euro for the usage of facilitated accounting scheme. This gives a chance for a larger amount of business items to report in accordance to facilitated regime.

– The Law 26/2011 from December 29, 2011 has simplified accounting in general and the management regime in particular. The threshold level of annual turnover, when legal and natural persons are obliged to present accounting reports, was enlarged from 100 000 euro to 150 000 euro. The sum of 250 000 euro, that was previously considered to be the upper limit of the annual turnover for the usage of facilitated accounting regime, was annihilated.  The threshold limit is determined by the Administration that in its turn makes the annual accounting reports consistent with the existing business-situation. https://all-andorra.blogspot.com/2018/11/0911-2018.html

The Decree that confirms the Guidelines on the annual consolidated accounting reports preparation came into effect on December 28, 2010. It is complemented by the purview of the Law 30/2007, regarding consolidation scales.

It should be noted that in accordance to the Law on Foreign Investments in the Principality of Andorra, the liberalization of foreign investments in all economic sectors of Andorra is accompanied by the major reform that touches upon the rights of natural persons. Correspondingly, it has been established that a natural person obtains economic rights only from the moment of obtaining the status of legal resident in the Principality.

The goal of controlling Governmental organization (from June 12, 2008) is  to make private enterprises congruent to the social demands as well as to implement the coordination of their activities, that present public and social interest, taking into consideration legal traditions and experience of neighbor countries.


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Pyrenees event management
Пятница, 09 Ноября 2018 г. 17:55 + в цитатник

Pyrenees Event Management

 
Pyrenees Event Management

Media coverage (including TIER 1 and glossy)

Photo and video shooting (including Hasselblad H3D, Hasselblad H4D 200MS, Leica S2-P, Panoscan MK-3 Digital 360)

Transport and logistics (including exclusive brands directly from owners)
https://www.pem.agency

Shows and entertainment

Music technical rider (including SONY studios equipment)

Professional makeup

Excursion programmes (max. 250 km from the place of the event)

Catering (including Michelin restaurants)

Design and florisrty
https://www.pem.agency/services
Pyrenees Event Management (P.E.M) operates with a wide roster of international acts. Founded by people with a vast experience in entertainment business P.E.M is not focused on any particular musical genre.

Our roster consists of legendary artists with cult status, fresh and new bands that are hot at the moment, godfathers of hip-hop and celebrity dj's. Friendly and exclusive releationship with artists that we  represent gives a possibility to offer our clients comfortable conditions for organizing music events.

We have serious approach and pay much attention to each detail of artist booking and organazing  shows. P.E.M takes care about all negotiations with the artist management, logistic, visa issues, techical rider and effective promotion of the gigs in media that coveres right target group. Our goal is to promote good music and to create resonance events both private and public.

Among artists we can contact immediately:

Asia Argento
Arnaud Rebotini
Nomi Ruiz
Viktoria Modesta
Marc Almond
Coolio
Noblesse Oblige
Louie Austen
Rico Loop
Afrika Bambaataa
ADAMSKI
Keoki
Gordon Edge
Boogaloo Stu
Crystal Waters
Rockets
Jimi Tenor
Brandt Brauer Frick
Frederic Beigbeder
Laid Back
Robert Owens
Tasty Tim
Midnight Magic
Black Strobe
Sonique
Grandmaster Flash
Hess is More
Alexander Robotnick
Munk
Moullinex
Moonlight Breakfast
https://www.pem.agency/booking-artists-musicians

Pyrenees Event Management (P.E.M) founded by people with many years of experience in the entertainment business. Our agency's activities prove that we know how to make each event special, enjoyable and unforgettable.


Our office is located in Andorra - a multilingual and multicultural country, bordering France and Spain. So we are pleased to offer a full range of services for weddings, business tourism events, corporate and private events.

Andorra is a Europe´s tax heaven (VAT 4.5%, corporate tax 10%), so our prices are very competitive comparing with neighboring Spain and France.

 We work with the best hotels and sites in France, Spain and Andorra, including castles and chalets. Among our partners are Michelin restaurants' chefs as well as car owners of exclusive sports cars and vintage carriages on offer.


Photo and video shooting is provided by professionals with experience of working with top European magazines, and who have also had their work presented in exhibitions in Paris, Madrid, Barcelona and Toulouse.

We are also ready to offer you the chance to work with a business tourism and take the lead in organizing conferences and workshops, providing you with a choice of the best business centres in France, Spain and Andorra.

A separate direction of our business is a booking agency. It coordinates with a huge range of international artists. We don't work specifically with any particular musical genre. We have previously collaborated with legendary artists with cult statuses, fresh and new bands that are hot at that moment, the godfathers of hip-hop and celebrity djs.

You give us a sketch - we create, on its basis, a complex artwork, offering and providing our clients with services which they might not know, but they gladly take.
https://www.pem.agency/us
We speak English, French, Catalan, Russian

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Римские ванны Доррес (Les Bains de Dorres), плато Серданья, Пиренеи, Франция
Вторник, 06 Ноября 2018 г. 22:38 + в цитатник

Римские ванны Доррес (Les Bains de Dorres) расположены на месте горячего источника (40° Цельсия), который течет у подножия одноименной деревни. Живописная деревня находится во французских Пиренеях на высоте 1450 м, на плато Серданья. Это историческая область в Пиренеях на границе Испании и Франции. Кроме горных лыж Серданья интересна своей историей, древними маленькими городами, пейзажами и историко-географическим казусом в виде испанского анклава на французской территории.

Плато граничит на юге с хребтом Пуичмаль (Puigmal) высотой 2910 м, на севере – с хребтом Карлит (Carlit) высотой 2921 м. На Востоке Серданья через долину под названием Тет (Têt) граничит с Средиземным морем. На западе – через долину Сегр (Sègre) плато граничит с испанским городом Сео де Уржель и Андоррой.

В Серданье особый микроклимат – много солнечных дней в любое время года и особенно сухой воздух. Поэтому сюда приезжают на курс реабилитации больные астмой, люди, страдающие заболеваниями дыхательных путей, а также те, кто желает пройти курс гелиотерапии и кому показано лечение термальными водами.

Существование ванн было доказано с римских времен, о чём свидетельствуют древние руины рядом с источником. Деревня Доррес также известна тем, что здесь велись разработки гранита. В 1841 году из гранита была вырезана первая умывальная чаша, которую использовали для купаний. Раньше горячую сернистую воду также активно использовали для мытья овечьей шерсти.

Известно,что в период войны 1939-1945 годов в деревне размещались войска Французского сопротивления.

После войны долгое время ванны оставались в свободном доступе. Только в 1991 году были построены новые гранитные ванны и умывальник, а пространство было огорожено.

За порядком сегодня здесь следит местный муниципалитет.
/all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Римские-ванны-Доррес-Les-Bains-de-Dorres-плато-Серданья_Пиренеи-Франция-300x225.jpg" target="_blank">https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...ья_Пиренеи-Франция-300x225.jpg 300w, https://all-andorra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11...ья_Пиренеи-Франция-768x576.jpg 768w" width="800" />

Термальные источники богаты сероводородом и минеральными веществами. Их температура – от 37° C до 40° C,и она не меняется в течение года.

Римские ванны Доррес – излюбленное место горнолыжников, которые приезжают сюда после катания, чобы расслабиться и отдохнуть.

Часы работы: ежедневно с 9:00 до 19:30.

С середины ноября до начала декабря ванны закрыты на технический перерыв.

Тариф по состоянию на 01.01.2018 – 5 €.

Здесь же можно сделать оздоровительный массаж (калифорнийский массаж, шиацу и корейский расслабляющий массаж) на открытом воздухе – в солнечные часы.


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Motorcycles and bikes from the museums
Вторник, 06 Ноября 2018 г. 22:06 + в цитатник

https://all-andorra.com/ru/goroda-francii-aks-le-term-ax-les-thermes/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/zamok-lordat-le-chateau-de-lordat-francuzskie-pirenei/

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/города-каталонии-со...irina-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/замок-лордат-le-ch&...ренеи-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/города-франции-акс-...irina-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/города-франции-фуа-foix-irina-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/магия-фантастически...самая-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/города-испании-сео-...irina-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/сталкер-заброшенные...пании-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/достопримечательнос...irina-rybalchenko/?published=t

https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=...7913878&id=100026701605635

https://www.facebook.com/sohana.islam.94617/posts/204449953786363

https://twitter.com/aponkhan92961/status/1059122169299390465

https://twitter.com/khan_nayem92964/status/1059122194364555264

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-fn-4-cylinders-1915-750-cc/

https://all-andorra.com/swiss-made-motorcycles-motosacoche-gl-1918-750-cc/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-of-germany-nsu-6-1-2-ps-830-cc-1912/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-of-england-abc-with-398-cc-1919/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-indian-powerplus-n-1000-cc-1917/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-motor-triumph-ricardo-500-cc-1921/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-norton-mod-i-500-cc-1925/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-norton-colonial-500-cc-1922/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-norton-es2-500-cc-1929/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-harley-davidson-a-350-cc-1927/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-cleveland-269-cc-1919/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-lutetia-175-cc-1924/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-of-england-ajs-b1-350-cc-1924/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-ner-a-car-mod-b-285-cc-1924/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-bsa-b-249-cc-1924/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-automoto-250-cc-1925/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-alcyon-250-cc-1926/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-fn-m-67-500-cc-1926/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-fn-m-70-350-cc-1926/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-gnome-et-rhone-d-4-500-cc-1928/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-terrot-luxe-350-cc-1930/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-moto-guzzi-g-t-s-500-cc-1934/

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-patria-350-cc-1929/

https://all-andorra.com/swiss-made-motorcycles-motosacoche-grand-sport-500-cc-1931/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622158/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622172/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622179/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622188/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622190/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622198/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622211/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622216/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622235/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622271/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/758364024731622255/

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Motorcycles
Вторник, 06 Ноября 2018 г. 22:05 + в цитатник

https://all-andorra.com/vintage-motorcycles-nimbus-4-cylinders-750-cc-1952/

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The Constitution of Andorra: main principles
Воскресенье, 04 Ноября 2018 г. 13:33 + в цитатник

The Constitution of Andorra: 18 main principles

1. The 1993 Constitution defines Andorra as «a democratic and social independent State abiding by the rule of law» (Article 1.1). It proclaims that «Sovereignty is vested in the Andorran People, who exercise it through the different means of participation and by way of the institutions established in this Constitution» (Article 1.3) and that «The political system of Andorra is that of a parliamentary Co-principality» (Article 1.4).

2. Therefore, with the enactment of the Constitution Andorra got full independence from France and Spain, although the Co-princes continue as Head of State (Article 43), but the government retains the executive power. The two Co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include veto over government acts. Article 48 of the Constitution states that each Co-prince must appoint a personal representative in Andorra. In addition both France and Spain have their own embassies. As Coprinces of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell participate in the negotiation of the international treaties with France and Spain which deal with internal security, defence, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation (Article 66). Some consider institution of the Co-princes as an anachronism, while the majority sees them as a link with Andorra’s
traditions and a way to balance the power of Andorra’s neighbours.

3. The Consell General possesses legislative power, approves the budget of the country and controls
the political activity of the government (Article 50).

4. Its 28 members are elected every four years by Andorran citizens over the age of eighteen according to a mixed system (Article 50)13. Fourteen councillors are elected according to the proportional system in a single constituency, on closed lists. Although the legislation does not set explicitly any electoral threshold, a party list must in practice obtain at least 7.14 % of votes in order to win a seat, taking into account the size of the electoral districts.

5. Fourteen councillors are elected by the majority system in the Parròquies (Parishes or municipalities). Every Parish has two seats, which favours strongly the small ones (e.g. in 2015 local elections Andorra la Vella has 7,538 electors, Canillo only 91514). The list that obtains more votes in a Parish gets both seats.

6. Political parties wishing to submit a list must obtain the signature of 0.5% of the voters in the constituency concerned. They must submit complete lists – fourteen candidates and three alternates for seats allocated according to the proportional system and two candidates and three alternates for the seats awarded according to the majority system. It is not possible to be a candidate both for a seat on the proportional system and for a seat in the majority system. It is not possible to sit both in a municipal council and in the national parliament.

7. The Sindicatura is the ruling organ of the General Council and it is chaired by the Síndic General (Article 55).

8. Executive power is vested in the government, which has a four-year mandate. The government consists of the Head of government (Cap de Govern, elected by the General Council and appointed by the Co-princes) and ministers (appointed and dismissed by the Head of government)

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Andorra history
Суббота, 03 Ноября 2018 г. 20:02 + в цитатник

World history. History of Europe. Andorra

The first settlements in the territory of what would later become Andorra began in the Ice Age, but there were no large groups inhabiting this territory until after the retreat of glaciers. Archeological excavations demonstrate that from 3500-2000 BC small groups of people lived in valleys near the Rio Valira and in caves in what would later become known as Andorra. Later, groups of people migrated to the lower mountain levels, where they began to live in small groups or villages. It is a scientifically proven fact that people in those settlements used bronze tools. Worshipping the spirits of nature, forests and lakes, ancient Andorrans constructed megaliths and dolmens. Iberian coins were also found in the territory. It is believed that the name Andorra comes either from Iberian words “ando” (highest) and “ore” (iron), or from Celtic words “an” (blow) and “dor” (wind).

The war between Rome and Carthage for control over the Iberian Peninsula began in 220 BC. In 219-218 BC Carthaginian troops under the direction of Hannibal marched through the Pyrenees to Rome. The second Punic war lasted from 218 to 201 BC. In the resulting victory over Carthage, Romans took possession of Iberia. The Roman Empire gave the citizens of Andorra their language and laws, together with advanced agricultural tools that allowed larger harvests. Andorra was a part of the Roman Empire until 414 AD, when the country came under the control of a German Visigoth tribe that founded their kingdom in Southern France and in Spain. In the beginning of the VIII century theVisigoths’ state was annihilated by Arabic conquerors that marched into the Pyrenean Peninsula from Northern Africa. Today the only visible remnant of an Arabic presence in Andorran history is a Moorish tower near Ordino. It turns out that Arabic conquerors used the territory of Andorra as the shortest route to Southern France.

Charlemagne (742-814) is considered to be the founder of what is today known as Andorra. According to legend, several thousand Andorrans led by Mark Almugaber helped the army of Franks to win the battle against Arabic invaders. As a sign of gratitude, Charlemagne proclaimed Andorra an “independent nation” whose citizens were protected under his favor. The state of Andorra was founded as a buffer for the protection of the Frankish empire from Arabic invaders.

In 817, together with the lands to the south of the country, Andorra came under the sovereignty of Frankish empire. In 819 Louis the Pious (778-840), a son of Charlemagne who in 814 became the Emperor of Franks, gave the Great Charter of the Liberties (Magna Carta) to the citizens of Andorra. In the summer of 819 Catalan bishops wrote and ratified a so called “Letter of freedom”—this document became the basis of independence for the communities of cattlemen and farmers, it was further officially named “Endor”, a biblical name.

After the collapse of the Frankish empire in 843 the king of France Charles the Bald (823-877, a son of Louis the Pious, granted the territory of Andorra to SuñerI,  who was granted the title of count of Sardinia and Urgell in gratitude for his assistance in repelling the attacks by moors from Narbon. In the course of the IX and X centuries the counts of Sardinia and Urgell expanded their holdings in Andorran valleys by acquiring, adjoining and exchanging lands. The property of the Urgell bishopric also expanded – mostly through contributions for the sake of the episcopate from the property of the counts and other persons. It is well known that Andorra is mentioned as an independent state in the documents of the Urgell episcopate dated 805.

In 1133 the rights for the eternal usage of Andorran valleys were sold by the count of Urgell to the bishop Berenger. Spanish bishops became feudal lords and the citizens of Andorra were obliged to pay them annual tribute. In the middle of the XI century the defense of Andorra became the responsibility of Caboet noble family; the representatives of this family obtained the proprietorship for Andorran valleys in exchange for the oath of fidelity to the bishops.

In 1185 a woman of the Caboet family married Viscount Arno de Castelbon. Arno and his daughter were adherents of albigensianism (a heretic movement typical of Southern France of the XII-XIII centuries; Albigenis were against Catholic Church dogmas, landowning and tithe). In 1208 a daughter of Viscount de Castelbon married the Count de Foix, also an adherent of albigensianism. Later, in 1257 their successor (Count Roger Bernard III de Foix) by means of a dynastic marriage, became one of the most powerful lords in Southern France. Viscounts de Foix refused to obey the Urgell bishops and that began a lengthy, bloody dispute. This strife lasted until the lord of Aragon was able to force the bishop of Urgell, Pedro de Castrobono, and Count Roger Bernard III de Foix to come to a peaceful agreement.

On September 8, 1278, in Lerida, the bishop of Urgell and the Count de Foix concluded a treaty (“Act- Pareage”) about double suzerainty over Andorra. Both co-Princes lived beyond the borders of Andorra and had to appoint representatives –vicars — for successive reign. Andorrans were obliged to pay tributes to the co-Princes: in the even years—to the bishop of Urgell, in the odd years—to the Count de Foix. On December, 6 1288 the second “Act-Pareage” was signed. In accordance to the treaty Andorra had to pay annual tribute to Spain and France –430 pesetas and 960 francs correspondingly. The treaty is valid up to now—the successors of the Spanish bishop are considered to be one of the co-Princes of Andorra. The rights of the Counts de Foix were transferred to the king of Navarra, later to the king of France and finally to the president of France.

In 1419 Andorra gained permission for calling an elective body – “The council of land” that later evolved into the General Council. The heads of the five most powerful Andorran families obtained the right to elect their representatives into this council.

In later centuries, Andorra managed to keep its independence from powerful neighbors on both sides of the Pyrenees. Andorrans enjoyed the benefits of a neutral state: they didn’t serve in the army, didn’t pay military contributions and took profit from free transfers of goods through the Pyrenees.

In 1580 the “House of the Valleys” was built in Andorra la Vella, nowadays the offices of the Government, Court and prison are housed in it. Now the prison is situated in other place in Andorra la Vella.

In the beginning of the XVIII century Andorra maintained a neutral position in the war for Spanish heritage that almost destroyed the neighboring Spanish province of Catalonia. In 1715 the bishop of Urgell officially prescribed the Councils of the Valleys of Andorra from obeying any orders except those issued by himself or the king of France.

In 1748 Antoni Fiter-y-Rossell collected and edited in a separate book materials about the traditions of Andorra, and in 1763 Anton iPuig edited “Politar Andorra” – a code of laws and traditions of the country.

The French Revolution (1789-1799) overthrew the French monarchy. The French king Louis XVI, one of co-Princes of Andorra, was executed in 1793. French revolutionists revoked the “Act-Pareage”. Andorrans were worried about the possibility of losing their independence and being annexed by France. In 1794 French troops entered the territory of Andorra in an attempt to conquer La Seu d’Urgell, its nearest Spanish neighbor, but representatives of the Valleys managed to assure French General Chabrez to refuse the mission.

In 1806 Andorrans petitioned French Emperor Napoleon I asking him to retrieve the “Act-Pareage”. Napoleon agreed, noting that “Andorra is a political curiosity that needs to be preserved”. In a special decree he stated that in accordance with the demand of Andorran citizens about the retrieval of “Act-Pareage”, the king of France, together with the bishop of Urgell, were declared the co-Princes of Andorra. This decree was temporarily interrupted in 1812-1813, when France annexed Andorra and included it in the territory of Segr (in 1813 the department Segr-Ter).

In the nineteenth century the world slowly began to discover the small Principality. European travelers visited Andorra and admired the beauty of its countryside. In 1848 the Paris Opera staged a performance of Galevi “The Valleys of Andorra”; in 1852 a homonymous zarzuela (in XVII-XX musical stage genre close to operetta) of Gastambide was performed in Madrid.

Civil wars in Spain, ignited in XIX century by Carlists (clerical-absolutist party in Spain; named after a claimant to Spanish throne Don Carlos Senior), presented a serious threat to the neutrality of Andorra. Its territory often sheltered both Carlists and their rivals. In 1866 a rich landowner Gilien de Plandolit-y-d’Areno initiated the movement “New Reform”, and on April, 14 1866 bishop Josep Caishal-y-Estradez (1853-1879) approved the clauses of the Constitution. On May, 31 1866 the first Constitution of Andorra was adopted – “The draft of the reform, adopted in the valleys of Andorra”. In 1869 the Constitution was ratified by French Emperor Napoleon III. In accordance to the Constitution the main legislative body was the General Council that consisted of 24 members, elected by “sindics”—the heads of local authorities. Beginning in 1867 the extent of authority of the Spanish bishop was somewhat narrowed (especially in matters concerning the internal life of the communities). His power was amplified with respect to church related matters.

At the end of the century economic problems caused the many people to emigrate from Andorra. The expansion of communication methods in the world favored the entrance of Andorra into world markets. The first telegraph and telephone lines were installed. However, Andorra remained a largely unknown and isolated country, with few tourists or other travelers visiting it.

In 1911 the first highway that connected the country with the Spanish city of La Seu-de-Urgell was built.

In 1914 Pope Pius X proclaimed Our Lady of Meritxell “patron saint of Andorran Valleys”. On September, 8 1921, the bishop of Tarragona and the bishop of Urgell crowned the icon. In the course of the ceremony the national anthem was performed for the first time. The lyrics include the words: “I am the only remaining daughter of the Carolingian empire believing and free for eleven centuries, a believer and free I will be”.

After 1914 Andorra began to emerge from its traditional isolation and interact with countries of Western Europe.

In 1928 the Government of Spain established postal communication with Andorra and printed postal stamps with magnificent Andorran views. France repeated this experience 3 years later. In 1929 the first big power plant was constructed in Andorra. Until that time, electric power had been supplied by small electric generators that belonged to separate communities in Andorra (the “comus”). All the rights to supply electric energy were transferred to a new company, “Force hydroelectrique d’Andorra”. Specialists from abroad were invited to work for the company.

The 1930s were marked with a struggle for the implementation of overall electoral rights. In the autumn of 1933 most of the adult population of Andorra demanded both from local authorities and from France and Spain the ability to implement overall control with respect to usage of natural resources of Andorra. Spain accepted this demand, but France threatened to introduce troops (which violated the agreements between France and Spain over Andorra). The printed media of Spain and France called these events the “Andorran revolution”.

On June 10, 1933, judicial authorities dismissed the General Council of Andorra, and the vicars of the co-Princes called for new elections. On July 17 a reform of the Andorran electoral system was carried out which resulted in the right to vote being given to all males of the country aged 25 or over. Feudal rights declined and Andorrans obtained the right of privileged usage of natural resources, including lands, meadows, forests and waters. The highway to Pas-de-la-Casa was extended to the French border to connect France and Andorra. Before it was built, the only access was by mules at mountain paths.

In June, 1934, Russian immigrant Boris Skosyrev named himself “count of Orange”, and accompanied by several White Russian officers and assorted Russian nationals, surreptitiously entered Andorra from France. He and his followers first settled in Andorra-la-Vella and later in the nearby city of Soldeu He seized power with complete support of local citizens. He proclaimed himself the king of Andorra “Boris I”, and promised to implement reforms and to modernize the country.

Boris Skosyrev was a son of frail nobility that migrated from Russia to Spain. In 1934 he was 38 years old. In his youth he was interested in diminutive states and underinvestigated lands. During his visits to Marcel or Toulouse, Boris Skosyrev used to spend hours at local libraries, studying the history of Andorra in detail. In Southern France he contacted not only guides of stock caravans through the Pyrenees but also migrants from Andorra. Boris Skosyrev was especially interested in “Andorran revolution”. In the letters to his friends he often complained that “Andorrans haven’t got a leader, there is neither structure nor the program for further activity”. This fact ignited in him a desire to fill the vacuum.

The reign of Boris was accompanied by manifold orders and manifestos; he often dismissed ministers and the heads of local communities (districts) and sent many petitions to Paris, Madrid and the League of Nations asking for official recognition for the independence of “his” kingdom. The idea of such democracy under the “scepter of enlightened monarchs” was actively realized by Russian immigrants.

The first steps on the way to gaining sovereignty and “independent voice” in the region Andorrans relate to the name of Boris Skosyrev.

During his reign Skosyrev not only confirmed the overall elective right that was gained as a the result of the “Andorran revolution” but also issued a number of orders whereby he called upon Andorrans to ignore Spanish and French guidelines. All natural resources were declared national treasure, which included more than resort areas and mineral waters. The depths of Andorra contain iron, lignite, copper, and pyrite. In the mountains there are many precious wood species; quite a number can be found nowhere else in Europe. “King Boris I” prohibited private ownership of the land and its resources. Even today these are considered either the property of the state or the property of the communities (comus) that let the land on lease or concession not only to the citizens but also to the foreigners. This system was eagerly supported by the citizens of Andorra but irritated Spain and especially France immensely.

The country moved forward in the process of modernizing. In 1935 the General Council issued a concession for organizing “The Radio of Andorra”.

When Civil War started in Spain, Boris Skosyrev did not openly take either side. In fact, he became a “shadow” associate in the struggle of Republican forces against the Nationalists, a fascist group headed by Francisco Franco. He allowed the transit of Spanish migrants to France and other European countries and prohibited “international observers” (from Non-intervention Committee to Spanish affairs in London) to control the neutral position of Andorra. This caused scathing criticism by Chamberlain (UK Prime Minister at that time), who called Boris Skosyrev “if not the agent of Moscow then the agent of Republicans or Super Activists (Dolores Ibarruri – the head of Spanish communist party) for sure”. When in February, 1939, members of the Spanish republican army and refugees were forbidden to cross the Spanish border, in spite of threats from Franco, Boris I allowed them to move to France through the territory of Andorra, obliging local citizens to provide the immigrants with all necessary assistance.

During the Spanish Civil War, Franco entered Andorra with the goal of overthrowing the “Russian king” Boris I. France, however, was not interested in a hostile regimen strengthening near its southern borders, and supported Andorraagainst Franco.

In 1940 France was occupied by the Nazis, who anticipated (with reason) that Andorra might become one of the terminal bases for the French Resistance, first of all for raiders and for General De Gaulle’s secret service. Consequently, it was decided in Vichy and in Berlin to overthrow Skosyrev and his regimen. In autumn 1941 the agents of Vichy France, backed up by the secret service of Franco, arrested the “King of Andorra Boris I” in Soldeu and sent him to the Verne concentration camp (France), where he died in 1944.

During WW2, 1939-1945, Andorra maintained a neutral position, though shelter was given to many refugees. In 1940 only the intervention by papal nuncio prevented the intrusion by German (Southern France) and Spanish (from La Seu-de-Urgell) troops into Andorra. Nevertheless, the years of war affected Andorra. In 1941 the overall electoral rights for male citizens were abolished. In 1944 German units and a detachment of Spanish civil guard entered Andorra, but the troops were pulled out in 1945. https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/all-andorra/baQ9epx-jvk

After the war was over the electoral rights for male citizens were restored.

During the 1950s the development of Andorra accelerated; the population doubled during the period of 1952-1964 with total population surpassing 12,000 persons. The standard of living improved and the economy began growing. Isolated for many centuries, the country became a popular touristic destination, especially for skiing, which was declared a national sport in Andorra. Young Andorrans began to go abroad for university educations.

In 1966 social legislation was implemented; in 1968 the “Andorran insurance office” was founded, telephone and telegraph services were organized. In 1967 Andorra was visited by the co-Prince of France – the President of France, Charles de Gaulle. In 1973 the first meeting of the Spanish and French co-Princes since XIII century took place, attended by the bishop of Urgell, Joan Marti Alanis and the President of France, Georges Pompidou.

In 1970 electoral rights were given to all Andorran citizens (both male and female) aged 21 or more. In 1977 electoral rights were also granted to the first-generation foreigners aged more than 28. (In 1985 the electoral age was reduced to 18).

In 1975 political parties began to emerge in Andorra: the Democratic union that stood against discrimination, and was for the annihilation of feudal relics, freedom of speech and free association; the Conservative Party of the Principality’s majority and the moderate Liberal Party. The first newspaper was issued.

In January 1981 the “Decree for Institution Reformation” was passed, it presupposed the formation of an Executive Committee. A year later, the reform, which separated executive and legislative branches of power, was implemented.

In 1982 the country suffered from severe floods that caused numerous deaths and serious economic damage. As a result, the communications between Andorra and neighboring countries were temporarily interrupted. At a referendum in 1985 the citizens approved a new Constitution; in accordance with it Andorra was proclaimed a “self-governing democratic state”. The power of the co-Princes was nominally acknowledged. For the first time in history Andorrans had a constitutional right to form political parties and trade unions; an independent judicial system emerged around the same time. Soon after the adoption of the Constitution, France and Spain admitted the sovereignty of Andorra. In December of the same year first elections for General Council positions were organized in accordance with a new electoral law that decreased the electoral age from 25 to 18. In January, 1986, in accordance with the “Decree on Institution Reformation” of 1981, an Executive Council was formed.

In June 1990 Andorra signed a customs union treaty with the EU. A new criminal code was adopted.

At the referendum that took place on March 14, 1993, a majority of the citizens voted for the implementation of a new democratic constitution that abolished the feudal system which existed since 1278. Thus Andorra became a sovereign parliamentary Principality (in fact, a Republic). It is governed by the co-Princes of Andorra – the President of France and the bishop of Urgell which are represented by their respective vicars.  The bishop vicars are changed every 3 years, the vicar of the French president is a prefect of the Eastern Pyrenees French department, he is appointed for a life-long term. The Co-Princes remained the heads of the country, keeping the right to veto on issues of international affairs and legislation. The Constitution guaranteed the citizens major human rights and political freedoms and allowed the formation of political parties and trade unions. The government of the country obtained the right to implement income taxes. The Constitution officially came into force on May, 4 (March 2) 1993 after obtaining official permission from both co-Princes and General Council.

On June, 4 1993 the “Treaty for neighborly relations and cooperation between the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic and the Principality of Andorra” was signed. Pursuant to that treaty Andorra obtained a new status; a new parliamentary system limited the power of the heads of the state.

On July, 1993, Andorra became a member of UN. The country stopped imposing taxes on goods imported from EU countries, but did not become an official member the Union. France no longer represented the interest of Andorra in international affairs and lost the right to send police to Andorra for maintenance of law and order.

Beginning in 1997 Andorra began to consolidate its position as a significant touristic and trading center of Europe. There are no direct taxes in the country – Andorra is well known as a “tax heaven”.  The government implemented a number of direct taxes for nonresidents and later for local companies and citizens only at the end of 2007 as a result of global financial crisis. Currently the principality is very advanced technologically. Internet access is among the best in Europe. Andorra is the first European country to have fiber optic lines installed nationwide.

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Lift tickets. Andorra SKI PASS prices 2018-2019. Grandvalira and Vallnord
Среда, 17 Октября 2018 г. 16:06 + в цитатник

Ski pass prices in Andorra 2018-2019. Updated: 02.10.2018

_____________________________

GRANDVALIRA ski lift tickets

_____________________________

Ski season: from 1st December until 8th April. If the weather conditions allow it.

1 DAY SKI PASSES
DAY PASS ADULT JUNIOR
(12-17 YRS)1		 CHILD
(6-11 YRS)2		 Buy
RPP* ONLINE** RPP* ONLINE** RPP* ONLINE**
Full day9 51 € 50 € 46 € 45 € 35 € 34 €  
Half day (from 1 pm) (offline) 38 € 33 € 28 €
Morning pass (9 am to 12 pm) 27 €
Senior pass (65-69 yrs)4 (offline) 30 €
Senior Gold pass5 (offline) Free
Baby pass6 (offline) Free
Beginner3 (offline) 33 €
Pedestrian (two ascent and two descent trip)7 12 €
Insurance (1 day)8 To be confirmed
Lost-pass cover (1 day)* To be confirmed  

* Lost-pass cover: Free replacement pass in the event of loss.

Two options:

  • PREMIUM: Add lost-pass cover to your ski insurance at a reduced cost, to be confirmed.
  • LOST-PASS COVER: If you don’t have ski insurance, you can purchase lost-pass cover, price to be confirmed.

Lost-pass cover can only be purchased at the ticket office, as you have to present your pass in order to apply. The cover can be purchased at any time, although it must cover the full duration of the pass. It does not apply to the Season Pass or the Pass Plus+.

MULTI-DAY SKI PASSES
MULTI-DAY PASSES ADULT JUNIOR
(12-17 YRS)1		 CHILD
(6-11 YRS)2		 Buy
RPP* ONLINE** RPP* ONLINE** RPP* ONLINE**
2 days © 94,40 € 92,40 € 86 € 84 € 63,60 € 61,60 €  
3 days © 141,60 € 138,60 € 129 € 126 € 95,40 € 92,40 €
4 days © 188,80 € 184,80 € 172 € 168 € 127,20 € 123,20 €
5 days © 225,50 € 220,50 € 202 € 197 € 151,50 € 146,50 €
6 days © 270,60 € 264,60 € 242,40 € 236,40 € 181,80 € 175,80 €
7 days or more (per day) © 45,10 € 44,10 € 40,40 € 39,40 € 30,30 € 29,30 €
3 days’ skiing over 5 days 148,20 € 145,20 € 137,10 € 134,10 € 103,20 € 100,20 €
5 days’ skiing over 7 days 236 € 231 € 215 € 210 € 159 € 154 €
7 days’ skiing over 10 days 330,40 € 323,40 € 301 € 294 € 222,60 € 215,60 €

*Prices with taxes included. **Discount valid on purchases made in advance at our website. © Ski pass for consecutive days.

Opening date: December 1, 2018 – Closing date: April 22, 2019 (weather conditions permitting).

REMARKS:

1. Junior (12-17 years): Born between 2001 and 2006. Official proof of age required.
2. Child (6-11 years): Born between 2007 and 2012. Official proof of age required.
3. Beginner ski pass (1 day): Available for the following sectors: Encamp, Canillo, El Tarter, Grau Roig and Pas de la Casa.
4. Senior ski pass (65-69 years): Born between 1949 and 1953. Direct sale at ticket office. Official proof of age required. Price per day.
5. Senior Gold ski pass: Grandvalira understands “Senior Gold” the adults born in 1948 or before. Direct sale at ticket office. Official proof of age required.
6. Baby ski pass: Grandvalira consider “Baby” a child born in 2013 and after. Direct sale at ticket office. An official proof of age is required.
7. Pedestrian pass: it cannot be used for skiing. It includes two ascent and two descent trips in the same day.
8. Medical insurance: Has to be purchased through the online sales platform or upon arrival at the ski resort, before the first skiing day. It can not be purchased if you have already used the ski pass.
9. Discounts: 4% of discount for groups of more than 25 paying visitors (included). To apply the discount the ski passes must be of the same type, 25 ski passes Adult or Junior or Child, the discount would not be valid if they were, for example: 20 Adults and 5 Children. Not available: From 22/12/2018 to 06/01/2019.

____________________________


VALLNORD ski lift tickets

_______________________________

Pal-Arinsal sector

Ski season: from 1st December 2018 until 22 april 2019. If the weather conditions allow it.

DAYS SKI PASS ADULTS
16-64 YEARS		 CHILDREN
6-15 YEARS
1/2 day* € 34,00 € 28,00
1 day € 40,00 € 34,00
1 day Pensioner (65-69 years) € 17,00  
1 day Debutant** € 17,00 € 17,00
2 days € 78,00 € 65,00
3 days € 114,00 € 93,00
4 days € 148,00 € 118,00
5 days € 180,00 € 140,00
6 days € 210,00 € 159,00
7 days € 241,50 € 182,00
8 days € 272,00 € 204,00
9 days € 301,50 € 225,00
10 days € 330,00 € 245,00

These ski pass are valid for alternate days (non-consecutive).  

The PAL ARINSAL ski pass is not valid for skiing at Ordino Arcalís.

  • *From 9:00 am to 1 pm or from 1 to 5 pm.
  • **Valid only for the magic carpets and the Caubella chair lift (single sector and restricted areas)
  • Ski passes are personal and non-transferable. No refunds will be given in case of loss, and no returns will be accepted once passes have been issued.
  • Children up to 5 years and senior citizens over 70 years can receive free ski passes on presentation of proof of age.
  • The price of insurance day, both adult and child is € 4,90.

MECHANICAL LIFTS

  ADULTS 16-64 YEARS   CHILDREN 6-15 YEARS
PENSIONERS 65-69 YEARS		  
  ONE WAY RETURN ONE WAY RETURN
la Massana Gondola lift € 7,00 € 11,00 € 5,00 € 8,00
Arinsal Gondola lift € 6,50 € 9,00 € 4,50 € 7,50
Arinsal Chair lift € 6,50 € 9,00 € 4,50 € 7,50
Arinsal-Pal Cable car € 11,00 € 8,00
La Serra II Chair lift € 5,00 € 5,00

Ordino – Arcalis sector

Ski season: from November 17, 2018 to April 28 2019. If the weather conditions allow it.

DAYS SKI PASS

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Цены на скипассы в Андорре 2018-2019
Среда, 17 Октября 2018 г. 15:25 + в цитатник

В связи с тем, что в последнее время в интернете появляются предложения о покупке ски пассов (и других услуг) на курорты Андорры от посреднических фирм, мы обратились за официальным комментарием к директору крупнейшего горнолыжного курорта Андорры – Грандвалиры – Конраду Бланшу.

Он, в частности, заявил: “Грандвалира подтверждает, что покупка (бронирование) ски пассов и других услуг Грандвалиры через посредников является небезопасной. Мы пытаемся решить эту проблему и обращаем внимание туристов на то, что покупка ски пассов через посреднические фирмы не имеет смысла. Единственный оптимальный способ приобретения ски пассов и всех других услуг, предоставляемых Грандвалирой, по самой низкой цене – только на официальном сайте Грандвалиры или в кассах непосредственно у подъёмников. https://all-andorra.com/ru/tseny-ski-pass/

Кроме того, особое внимание уделяйте при выборе горнолыжных инструкторов, при Грандвалире работает ограниченное число горнолыжных школ и инструкторов, имеющих весь необходимый пакет лицензий и разрешений.”


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Суббота, 13 Октября 2018 г. 16:52 + в цитатник

https://all-andorra.com/fr/coaching-pour-ou-contre...-avec-un-entraineur-personnel/
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Пятница, 12 Октября 2018 г. 11:45 + в цитатник

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Пятница, 12 Октября 2018 г. 11:44 + в цитатник

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Пятница, 12 Октября 2018 г. 11:43 + в цитатник

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Пятница, 12 Октября 2018 г. 11:43 + в цитатник

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Пятница, 12 Октября 2018 г. 11:41 + в цитатник

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Viktoria Modesta as a futurist and an artist
Четверг, 11 Октября 2018 г. 11:27 + в цитатник
Viktoria Modesta is a contemporary artist that totally changes people’s views on disability in the modern world. Having, since childhood, a long-lasting health problem, at the age of 18 she had a voluntary below-the-knee leg amputation to improve her mobility and safeguard her future health. She is the first artist that decided to use a limb as a part of an artistical concept and image, proving that things that were associated before only with a disability can look like pieces of art and modern design. Viktoria’s first experience of international fame came after she took part in the closing ceremony of the Paralympics in London. She played the Snow Queen in the ice show (live music for which was provided by the world-famous band, Coldplay). The next step was her video “Prototype”, which was produced by Channel 4 and was first shown on one of the most popular tv shows – X Factor.

“Prototype” was a huge hit. It immediately turned Viktoria into a real star and she became the first bionic pop artist in the world. Also, ‘Prototype’ created a large platform to promote the ideas of transhumanism – the movement that aims to improve the human condition via the use of available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. With such a powerful background, Viktoria also developed a successful modeling career including campaigns for many top fashion brands. At the moment, she is working on a new conceptual album that will be presented to the world soon. In her packed schedule, Viktoria found time for an interview with all-andorra.com in which we touched upon topics such as humanism, futurism, future plans and even a possibility of performing in Andorra soon.

https://all-andorra.com/viktoria-modesta-as-a-futurist-and-artist/

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Sonique: going back to myself
Четверг, 11 Октября 2018 г. 11:26 + в цитатник
Sonique is a true dance music star, being one of the first female DJs that has achieved global success in the club scene all over the world. As a singer, she has had iconic and everlasting hits like “It feels so good”, “Sky”, “I put a spell on you” that helped to promote club music at the beginning of the 21st century from underground raves to mainstream, top charts positions and MTV broadcasts. This powerful and charismatic woman is still in great artistic and physical shape, as she is full of energy and creativity.

This summer she released her new dance anthem “Melody” with famous producer Mauro Picotto that is storming the charts and dancefloors. At the moment Sonique is working on new EP and album that will be, as she describes, a really personal, solo work that will stay away from the direct dance hits that we are used to hearing from her. During her holiday in Ibiza Sonique was kind enough to find time to talk with all-andorra.com about her new album, views on modern club music, memorable gigs and places she has visited, and thoughts about the option of performing in Andorra.

https://all-andorra.com/sonique-going-back-to-myself/

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Rico Loop: The magic of the moment
Четверг, 11 Октября 2018 г. 11:26 + в цитатник
Rico Loop. The magic of the moment

Rico Loop is a Berlin-based multi-instrumentalist, beatboxer and musician, a one-man show and orchestra. His approach to creating music is a new technique of live-producing, that is, teaching the audience how music is compiled and arranged, and exploring how rhythms and melodies interact. Rico creates musical compositions using many different instruments and objects, including guitar, bass, keyboard, harmonica, and glass bottles, along with his amazing skills in beat-boxing and singing. He plays and records with the help of a loop station, which is the backbone of his musical production, creating his unique sound. His live shows are a kind of must-see for those who are looking for new forms of musical expression.

This lovely person performs in varying types of places all over the globe. He can be easily noticed in Berlins techno-mecca ‘Berghain’, theatrical and outstanding ‘WooMooN’ parties that happen in Ibiza, Barcelona and Mexico, ‘Tulum’. He can also be found in of the best summer clubs in Europe ‘Scorpio’ on Mykonos, and famous musical festivals like Fusion, Garbage, Kongsburg Jazz Festival and Riskilde. Rico finds the right connection with these different audiences, charms them and brings a party vibe while creating each time a different live show full of unique, experimental sounds. These abilities are based on his passion to convey music and emotions in music in his own unique way that puts a receptive listener into a deep musical trip.

After a smashing summer full of colorful gigs we found Rico in Berlins studio. He was kind enough to talk to all-andorra.com about what he did over the summer, his artistical background and roots, views on modern music, his favorite places, festivals and party’s and about the possibility of bringing his outstanding live experience to Andorra.

https://all-andorra.com/rico-loop-the-magic-of-the-moment/

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The sound and visions of Moonlight Breakfast
Четверг, 11 Октября 2018 г. 11:25 + в цитатник
Moonlight Breakfast is certainly a must-see band. Their original approach to creating music is based on mixing together different ingredients – Electro, Nu-Jazz, Swing, and Balkan Beat. And the result is what you can expect from a talented mixologist – a cocktail with an interesting and unique taste that will make you want to dance and feel happy.

The trademark of this groups’ shows are the conceptual visuals that are fully synchronized with their music, representing the band’s style and turning them into a unique experience. Their first ever show was in their native country, Bucharest when they were the warm-up show for 35,000 people before Jamiroquai. It was a great start to their career. At the moment, Moonlight Breakfast has two successful albums under their belt and a lot of gigs all over the world, helping them to form a strong fan base.

The band is in a really good shape, focused on the future and has a lot of creative plans, helping them to have fun from the thing they enjoy most of all in life – making music. Having gone through a few changes, the band is currently a trio, with lead singer and frontwoman Christie, her husband and the main mastermind of this musical engine, Bazooka, on drums, keys and clarinet, and Adita on keys, guitar and sampler.

https://all-andorra.com/the-sound-and-visions-of-moonlight-breakfast/

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Louie Austen: I do it for myself
Четверг, 11 Октября 2018 г. 11:24 + в цитатник
Louie Austen is a really unique and incomparable artist. Having many exciting life experiences and a rich artistic background, he worked for years as a crooner singer in some of the world’s top hotels and casinos. Being just a crooner singer of other people songs and an impersonator of Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra at some point got boring for Louie and at the end of the 20th century, he made an impressive twist in his life and career. The turning point happened when Louie turned to modern electronic music and made the song “Hoping”, that was produced by famous German producer Patrick Pulsinger. After the UK’s electronic wizard Matthew Herbert added his remix touch to it, “Hoping” became a huge international hit that stormed the charts and dancefloors all over the world. Louie realized that he had found a perfect recipe. This mix of old and new; charismatic crooners singing plus contemporary electronic music became the trademark and the quintessence of his music.

It could be described as elegant retrofuturism. A man in his later years, looking like a typical hero of American black-and-white movies of the 50’s, always in a perfect white suit and fancy hat, sings in an old-school style, over well made and danceable electronic beats. This looks really unusual and always brings fun and positive energy to any type of audience. Finding this unique style made Louie Austen a true international star, an artist with a massive number of top hits and a really packed touring schedule.

Finally, we got a chance to talk with this great artist. We found him in a great mood, full of creative ideas on his farm near Viena, where he spends most of his time between tours and studio sessions. Louie Austen was kind enough to have an interesting talk with All Andorra about his way of living in which he combines the life of an artist and a farmer. He spoke about his previous life of a hotel and casino crooner singer, plans for his new album and of course, about his views on Andorra and on the option of performing here.

https://all-andorra.com/loui-austen-an-artist-and-a-farmer-keeping-the-balance/

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Interesting
Вторник, 09 Октября 2018 г. 21:07 + в цитатник

 

 

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