, VII . 500 , .
(c ) .
VIII ( 100 . ..). , , , , , .
, VII VIII . , - , . XIII - , . 1500 - , , .
, , , , , ..
18 - , , , ..
:
3- 2 . . . . , .
2 250 . . . ( ) , .
1 200 . . "", , . .
1000 - 500 . . : , , .
640- 630 . . . ( ) . ( ).
600 . . . , . . - , .
. , , , . "".
500 . .. . . , . , , . - , .
910 . .
1156 . . . , , , 1. 6 . .
12 . . .
1440 . , . - . , , , .
1649 . , , . 13 .
1661 . - . , , . , 140 . 1860 . Federal Reserve System ( ) 1913 . , .
1705 . , : " . " (Money and Trade Considered: With a Proposal for Supplying the Nation with Money). (John Law).
1824 . - , , .
1837 . , . 18 . 80% . 1914 800 . , - 1 . 400 ., - 10 . , 1918 . : , .
1937 . . 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). 30 5 . . 0 . . : " ". - , .
1944 . (). . , . . - (International Monetary Fund) (World Bank) . .
1950 . - Diners Club, , . Franklin National Bank . 10 , .
1950- . .
1969 . . ARPANET (Advanced Research and Projects Agency) .
1970 . Intel . , .
1971 . . .
1972 . . . . , - 1972 1995 695 . 0 .
1973 . 239 15 (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication - SWIFT). SWIFT, , . 2002 7.6 . 198 , 2 . .
1977 . Apple II . 1975 50 . , 1998 - 140 . , 2002 - 800 .
1991 . CERN - - www - World Wide Web. , , . 1992 , , 1996 - . , , , 90% , "" .
1993 . " " - DigiCash. - - , . , , (, , ), , . (1996 ) 300 . -. - .
- , , . , " ", , , ..
1995 . . . 1995 90% : National Automated Clearing House Association, 3 . , . - .2 - .
1998 . PayPal, . PhonePaid, . 1990- "-": Clickshare, The Internet Dollar, Internet Cash, NetCheque ..
2002 . - . 1999 .
2003 . (Robert Mandell), , , 2040 . , . "" (, , ) "".