-

  • - (244)
  • (200)
  • (180)
  • (168)
  • (135)
  • (129)
  • (122)
  • (99)
  • (79)
  • (74)
  • (55)
  • (53)
  • (44)
  • (44)
  • (44)
  • (35)
  • (33)
  • (33)
  • (29)
  • (26)
  • (22)
  • (20)
  • (12)
  • (12)
  • (10)
  • (2)
  • (1)
  • (0)
  • (0)

 -

   haritina

 - e-mail

 

 -

 LiveInternet.ru:
: 05.03.2014
: 1351
: 18
: 2111

:


.

, 23 2016 . 10:43 +
Dmitry_Shvarts

 

“ ”,   1823—1831 ,   , , . “ ” – . 20- XIX , . , , , , .             

 

“­ ­” ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­­­­­­ ­ ­­ ­ , ­ – ­­­ ­ ­ .

 

­­­­ ­­ ­­­­ ­­ ­ ­­ – ­­­  ­­­­ ­­ . ­­ ­­ ­  —  ­ ­ , ­­ , ­­ , ­ ­, ­­ ­­ ­­ ­. “­ ­”:

Talon : ­,
­.
: ­,
­ ;
roast-beef ­­­,
­, ­  ,
­­ ­ ,
­ ­
­­ 
­­ ­…

­ ­
­ ­,
­ ­,
.

 

­­ ­­ ­­ ­ “Talon”:
­ ­­   — ­ ­­ ­­­­ ­ ­ ­ , ­­, ­­ ­­­ ­;
­ - ­­­ , ­ XVII ,   ­ ­ ­­ ­ 1810 – 1820 ;
­ ­­ , ­ ­­­ ­­ ( – ). ­­­ ­­­ – ­­ ­ ­ ­, ­­ ­  ;
­­ ­ ­ ­ ­­­­ (. ôtelette –­).
­ ­ ­ (­­ 19 ) “­ ­ ­­ ” 1828 :

    672  526

­  

­ ­­ ­­­ ­­ , ­ , ­­ , ­ ­, ­, ­­, ­, ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­; ­ ­, ­ ­, ­ , ­ ­­ ­, ­­, ­ ­ , ­­ ­ ­ , ­ ; ­  ”.

­­­ I- “­ ­” ­­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­: “ roast-beef ,/ ­ ,/ ­, ­ .”
­­ ­ (double becassine) – ­, ­ ­, ­ ­ ­ ­ ­. ­ ­ .
­ ­ ­­. ­­ ­ “­ ­­, ­­­, ­­­ ­­­”, ­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­, ­.

 (312x32, 6Kb

­. ­­ ­ ­, ­­ ­ ­ ­ . ­ ­, ­ ­ ­, ­ ­­, ; ­­­ ­­ ­, ­, ­­ ­, ­ ­ ­, ­­ ­, ­ ­ ­ ­. ­, ­­ , ­­ ­ ­

 (312x32, 6Kb

 

­ ­ 

­ Talon (­ ., 15 / . ­, 14), ­, , ­­­, ­ — ­ ­ ­ XIX . ­ ­ ­­ - . ­ ­­­­ ­­ ­, ­ “­ ­”.

­ 1825 , ­ – ­, ­ . ­ ­­ ­ ­­ “­­”.

­, XIX ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­ . “­” ­­ ­ ­­ ­­­ ­­ ­ ­­­ ­ ­­. ­, 20- – 30- ­­ ­­ ­­ ­ ­ ­ - ­, ­ ­ ­ ­­ “­” ­.
“­ ­­ ­” ­­­ ­ — ­ ­ ­­­ ­.

­? ­! ­!
­­ ­­
­ ­ ­
­ ­  ,
­­ ­.
, — ­ 
­ ­­
­­ ­;
, ­ 
­ ­.

­­, ­ ­­ . ­ ­­ ­ ­­ — ­­­ ­ ­ 100 ­. ­ XVIII ­ ­, ­ ­ ­ ­­­­.

­ ­ ­, ­­­ ­­­ ­ ... , ­­­  ­­­  ­­ ­, “­”  : “­­ ­­ ­­­ ­­­­ ­ ­, ­ ­: , ­, ­­ ­­ ­­ ­ ”.   ­­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­, ­ ­ “­­ ­­”.

    ­ ­
­­ ­
­ ­
­­ ­ .
­
(­ ­­ ),
­ ­,
­ ­ .

“­­ ­­ ”, ­­ , ­ ­, ­­ ­. ­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ - ­. ­­ ­ ­­ ­­ , ­­, ­, ­, ­, ­­­, ­ . ­ ­­, “­­” - – ­­ , , , , ­,  .
­, ­­ ­­­­ ­ ­, ­­ ­ “­ ­”.
­­­­ ­ ­ ­­ -­­, ­­ ­­ ­ , , — ­­­ , , . ­ ­ ­­­ “­ ­” , “ a”.
­ ­ ­ , ­, ­­ ­ ­­ ­­­­ ­. ­ ­­ ­ , ­­ ­ ­ “ ”. ­ ­, ­­ ­ ­­ ­ , ­ , ­ ­ ­ ­­­ ­­.

­­; , ­,
­ ­,
­ ­ ­;
­ ­ .
­­ ­­ ,
­ ­
­  ,
­ ­;

­­­ , ­­ ­ “­­”, .. ­­­­­ . ­ 1812 . “­ ­” ­­­­ ­ ­ ­ , ­­ . ­ ­­ – ­ ­ ­ ­­­ ­. ­ ­­ “ ”, , .

 
­­­­
­
­ ­­.<…>
­­
­ ­­ ,
­,
­, ­ !

­ “ ” ­­ ­­­ ­­ 1772 , ­ ­ ­­­­ ­­­ .   ­ ­­ ­ XV. ­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­­­ ­ , ­­­ ­ ­ XVII .   ­  ­ ­­ ­­­ ­­­.

­ ­, ­­ ­ ­­, ­ ­ ­­ : “ ,/ ­ ,/ ­­ …” ­­ ­ XVIII ­ ­­ ­­ – ­ “­­”. ­ ­ (­­ -)  ­­­ ­ . , ­­ ­­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­.

­ ­­ ­­­­ , , ­ ­­ — ­ , ­ ­­, ­­ .

 

­­ ­­ , ­­­­ ­­­ ­­   ­ ­­­ ­­­­ ­­   XIX, ­ ­, ­­ . ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ . ­­­ ­­,   “­ ­” ­ 232(!) . ­ ­ ­, “­ ­” ­ ­­ ­­­.

_______________________________

               





:  

: [1] []
 

:
: 

: ( )

:

  URL