.
7:
(Paul Schlyter,
pausch@saaf.se)
, , "". .
,
, c
X
, -
, , 1860-1916, 1971
(Urbain Le Verrier), .. (J.C.Adams) , , 2 1860 , , , , . . (Wolf) "" , . , 26 38 .
1859 , - (Lescarbault), , 26 1859 , , . , . , 5.3 7.3 , 183 , "", 4 30 . : 19 7 , 0.1427 .., 1210', 1259'. , 1/17 . , , , , ? .
1860 . , . " " , 1877 "" . 4 1875 . (H.Weber) . 3 , 38 . " " .
29 1878 , , , : .. (J.C.Watson) ( ) , ! (Lewis Swift) ( -, 1992 ) "" , , , "" . , , .
, . 1916 , , . 1929 (Erwin Freundlich) , . . , 9 .
? . , , , . , , . , , .
"" 1970-1971 , , , . . , , .
, 1974
29 1974 , 10 , , " ". . "", , . , . , . , . ?
, , "" 4 / (, , ) JPL. . ? . -- , - ; .
""? , 31 Crateris ( ). , , . , : , . , (Gum Nebula) 540 140 . , .
, , 1672-1892
1672 , (Giovanni Domenico Cassini), , . , ? , 14 1686 . , 1/4 , . , , : (James Short) 1740 , (Andreas Mayer) 1759 , (J.L.Lagrange) 1761 ( , ). 1761 18 5 . (Scheuten) 6 1761 : , , , , . . (Samuel Dunn) , , , . 1764 8 . , .
: , , , , . 1766 , (Father Hell), , , - , , . , . (J.H.Lambert) 1777 : - 66.5 , 11 3 , 64 . , 1 1777 (, : 66.5 , , . 11 , 1/3 .)
1768 (Christian Horrebow) . , -- (William Herschel). . , . (F.Schorr) , 1875 .
1884 . (M.Hozeau), , . , , 2.96 1080 . , , , 283 1080 . , .
, 1887 , " ". , . , . (Roedkier) " " - $\chi$ , $\mu$ , 71 $\nu$ ! (James Short) 8 . (Le Verrier) (Montaigne) . (Lambert) . (Horrebow) 1768 $\theta$ .
- , , : 13 1892 .. (E.E.Barnard) 7 . , " ". , . , ? , ?
, 1846
1846 (Frederic Petit) , . [ (Lebon) (Dassier)] - (Lariviere) (Artenac) 21 1846 . 2 44 59 , 3570 , 11.4 ! (Le Verrier), , , , . 15 , , ( ) . , , , . . " ", , - , : "", , ", , ."
" ?", , " ?"
", , , , . , . , , , . , . . . . "
" ?",
"", , " , , , . . . . . . . , , 7480 , ." , 1942 :
7480 4 48 , 3 20
, , . .
() . .
.. (R.S.Richardson) 1952 : 5010 , - 7480 , 0.1784.
e, ( Petit - ) . - , - - . - , . - , Kleinchen ("little bit", "") - Kleinchen.
.. (W.H. Pickering) : 320 0.3 , , 3- . 5- . , , - ( " " 1903 " "). , , 3 .
, " ", " " 1922 , -. : " 3-5- . -". , .
, . , , , - , . , , , , ( ). , "", , .
. 1898 (Georg Waltemath) , , . : 1.03 , 700 , 119 , 177 . "", , " ". , . (Lieut Greely) 24 1881 , , . , 2-, 3- 4- 1898 . 4- 12 (Greifswald) ( , ) , . : , , , . , , 1:10 2:10 . , . (W.Winkler) (Ivo von Benko) , . , . . , : ", , ?". - 1918 (Sepharial) . , , . , . , , , , . " " .
" ". "Die Sterne" ("") - . (W.Spill) 24- 1926 .
1950 , , , . , . (Clyde Tombaugh). 5000 . , . , , . , .
1953 . "" : , "" (Kleinchen), ! 1954 , , : 700 , 1000 . : " , ?". , - . 1957 1958 , ( ).
, , . . , , . , ( , -- [ 150 ]). , " " . , . ( )
- . - . , , (, , "" . , - , ). , , .. , , 60 / .
" " (Kordylewski) . 1951 . 60 . , 1956 (Wilkowski) , , -, , . , .. ! " ". . , .
1956 , . , 2 (.. 4 , ), , (Gegenschein; - ). 1961 , . , , . . (J.Roach) 1975 OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory - ). 1990 , (Winiarski), , , "" 10 "" , .
, -, , . , ' ' , - - . , .
. 1966 1969 (John Bargby), , , , , 10 , . : 0.498, - 14065 , 680 14700 . , 1955 . , . Goddard Satellite Situation Report, , , . , , , , .
1997 , (Paul Wiegert) . , 3753 , , , .
, 1610, 1643, 1727, 1747, 1750 1877
, , , 1610 . , , , .
1643 - (Anton Maria Shyrl) , . , - , .
1727 " " , . 10 21.5 . '' 1750 "", , .
1747 (Kindermann) , ( !) 10 1744 . , 59 50 6 (!)
1877 , (Asaph Hall) - - . , , 7 39 30 18 , 150 !
14- , 1975-1980
1975 , (Charles Kowal) ( 95 P/) , . , , , . .
, 1861, 1905-1960, 1966-1980
1861 (Hermann Goldschmidt) 9- , . (Chiron, !). , - . , 1898 (Pickering) , 9 - . . .
1905 , , , , (Themis). , : - 1,460,000 , 20.85 , 0.23, 39 . , , , 1950- 1960- .
1966 , . (A.Dollfus) . . , . , , . 1966 . .
1980 , . . , . . , "" ! , "", 1966 , , . ' ', 1966 ! 1 2, , .
, 1787
1787 (Herschel) . - : - . , , (... , - ... :-)
a X, 1841-1992
1841 , (John Couch Adams) . 1845 (Urbain Le Verrier) . , , . , , . 1846 , , . , (Galle) ' (d'Arrest) 23 1846 . , , .
( , - , , , .)
30 1846 , , , . 10 , . 2% , . , , , .
1850 (Ferguson) (Hygeia). (Ferguson) (Hind), , . . (Maury) - , . , , , 1879 : - , ' '.
- (David Todd) 1877 . " " , , - : 52 .., 375 , , 13. 1877-84 170 10 . 1.40 103 .
1879 (Camille Flammarion) : , . , , . - 1862 III 120 47.6 .. 1889 II 49.8 .. , 45 ..
, 1880 , (Forbes) . 1900 5 - 100 .. 300 .., 1000 5000 .
, / , . (Gaillot) - 45 60 .., . - : "" 41.25 .. 272 , "-" 56 .. 420 , , , 72 .. 610 . (), 1902 50 a.. 360 , "" (Hades). . , . 1921 "", 310-330 .
1900 - - 46.6 70.7 .., 9 47.2 10-11 . 1900 274 343 , ( 180 ).
1901 , 47 a.. 9.5-10.5 358 1900 . - , 6 , 2.5 . , 50.6 a..
1904 , - 42.25, 56 72 a.. 272.2 200 1904 . , , .
- : " " (Pickering) (Annals Astron. Obs. Harvard Coll, vol LXI part II, 1909) " - " (Percival Lowell) (Lynn, Mass 1915 ). , .
" O" 51.9 a.. 373.5 11.5-14 . , 24 , - . - 44 66 a.. 5 24 , .
, 1908 1932 , -- O, P, Q, R, S, T U. O P . , . , . 1911 , Q 20,000 , 63 1/6 , , . (Q) .
P . 1928 P 123 67.7 .., 1400 556.6 . 20 11 . 1931 , , P: 75.5 .., 656 , - 50 , 0.265, 37 , 1911 . S 1928 , 1931: - 48.3 .. ( X - 47.5 ..), 336 , 5 , - 15m. 1929 U, 5.79 .., 13.93 , . 0.045 , 0.26. T, 1931 : 32.8 .., 188 .
O :
..
() ( )
1908 51.9 373.5 2 11.5-13.4 105.13
1919 55.1 409 15 100 15
1928 35.23 209.2 0.5 12
, , , . X , . X 1909 , 1913 , X: 1850-01-01, 11.67 ., 186, 0.228, 47.5 .. , 110.99 , 7.30 , 1/21000 . X 1913-1915 . 1915 , X. 1915 , , , "" 1930 . X . X. 1916 . 1000 , 515 , 700 2 !
X 1927 . 1927-1928 . 1929 - (Clyde Tombaugh). 1929 . 23 29 , , 18 . . X .
? , , , , , , , , 1/10 ( 1979 , , , - 1/400 !). X , , , , , ! 13 50 , 16-17, 18 . 90 30 30,000 . , 5 , 1800 , , 775 -- . , 16.5 -- . 60 ..
. : , (Zymal), (Artemis), (Perseus), , (Tantalus), (Idana), (Cronus). "The New York Times" (Minerva), (Osiris), (Bacchus), (Apollo), (Erebus). , (Constance). . , , (Cronus), (Minerva) . . (Venetia Burney), ().
0.909, 3000 ! , , , . , , . X , O :
X O
() ()
a ( ) 43.0 55.1 39.5
e () 0.202 0.31 0.248
i ( ) 10 15 17.1
N ( ) [ .] 100 109.4
W ( ) 204.9 280.1 223.4
T ( ) . 1991 . 2129 . 1989
u ( ) 1.2411 0.880 1.451
P (, ) 282 409.1 248
T ( .) 1991.2 2129.1 1989.8
E ( 1930.0) 102.7 102.6 108.5
m (, =1) 6.6 2.0 0.002
M ( ) 12-13 15 15
. -- . (James W. Christy) 1978 -- , 20% ! , . X -- , . , , , , .
:
(Crommelin) 1930: 0.11 ( )
(Nicholson) 1931: 0.94
(Wylie) 1942: 0.91
(Brouwer) 1949: 0.8-0.9
(Kuiper) 1950: 0.10
1965: <0.14 (
)
(Seidelmann) 1968: 0.14
(Seidelmann) 1971: 0.11
(Cruikshank) 1976: 0.002
(Christy) 1978: 0.002 ( )
- 22 1930 .. (R.M.Stewart) () -- , 1924 . (Crommelin) ( 39.82 .., . 280.49 , 49.7 !). " ", . , .
, ( ). , ( - 75 ..). 1946 (Francis M.E.Sevin) - 78 .. , (Hidalgo), :
I:
II: ?
, 7.34. , -, "" 677 . (Sevin) "": 77.8 .., 685.8 , 0.3, 11.6 . .
1950 , . (K.Schutte) , - 77 .. , .. (H.H.Kitzinger) , , - 65 .., 523.5 , 56 11 . 1957 , : 75.1 .., 650 , 40 , 10. , , 1959 , , 77 .., 675.7 , 38 , 0.07, .. , "" , P . .
"" - . 1942 (R.S.Richardson) , 36.2 .. 1 .. , , . 35.3 .. 0.1 . 1972 (Brady) 59.9 .., 464 , 0.07, 120 (. ), 13-14, . - 1456- . - , .
(Tom van Flandern) 1970- . , . , . 1976 , . 1978 , , , , USNO . (Robert S. Harrington) , . . . , , , , . , , , 2. -- 1979 1987 . , . , 16-17 , ( ).
1987 , (Whitmire) (Matese) 80 .. 700 , 45 , "" (Nemesis). , .. (Eugene M.Shoemaker), , ( ).
1987 , (John Anderson) JPL 10 11, , . -- , ! JPL 1910 , , . , , , , , " ". , , 700-1000 , . 2600 . , .
(Conley Powell) JPL, . , 1910 , . , 2.9 60.8 .. , 494 , 8.3 . , . , , , , . , , , . 1987 -- . : - 0.87 , 39.8 .., 251 , 0.26, .. ! , 12 . , , .
- , . , . 1977-1984 (Charles Kowal) 48- . 1987 1977UB, , 13.7 .., 50.7 , 0.3786, 6.923 , 50 . 5 15 , ( ), - . 4 . , 20 .
" ", , . , , , ! 1995 - , - .
1992 : (Pholus). 1992 , - , 1993 1994 !
, 10 11, 1 2, , "" , , -- . -- , , , . , " X" - . " X" ( ), ! , 1993 , :
a e . . . . .
.. . . . . .
944 5.79853 .658236 42.5914 21.6567 56.8478 60.1911 14.0
2060 13.74883 .384822 6.9275 209.3969 339.2884 342.1686 51.0
5145 20.44311 .575008 24.6871 119.3877 354.9451 7.1792 92.4
5335 11.89073 .866990 61.8583 314.1316 191.3015 23.3556 41.0
1992QB1 43.82934 .087611 2.2128 359.4129 44.0135 324.1086 290
1993FW 43.9311 .04066 7.745 187.914 359.501 0.4259 291
: 1993-08-01.0 TT
1994 - :
a e . R .. .
.. .
1992 QB1 43.9 0.070 2.2 22.8 283 1992 Jewitt & Luu
1993 FW 43.9 0.047 7.7 22.8 286 1993 Jewitt & Luu
1993 RO 39.3 0.198 3.7 23.2 139 1993 Jewitt & Luu
1993 RP 39.3 0.114 2.6 24.5 96 1993 Jewitt & Luu
1993 SB 39.4 0.321 1.9 22.7 188 1993 Williams et al.
1993 SC 39.5 0.185 5.2 21.7 319 1993 Williams et al.
1994 ES2 45.3 0.012 1.0 24.3 159 1994 Jewitt & Luu
1994 EV3 43.1 0.043 1.6 23.3 267 1994 Jewitt & Luu
1994 GV9 42.2 0.000 0.1 23.1 264 1994 Jewitt & Luu
1994 JQ1 43.3 0.000 3.8 22.4 382 1994 Irwin et al.
1994 JR1 39.4 0.118 3.8 22.9 238 1994 Irwin et al.
1994 JS 39.4 0.081 14.6 22.4 263 1994 Luu & Jewitt
1994 JV 39.5 0.125 16.5 22.4 254 1994 Jewitt & Luu
1994 TB 31.7 0.000 10.2 21.5 258 1994 Jewitt & Chen
1994 TG 42.3 0.000 6.8 23.0 232 1994 Chen et al.
1994 TG2 41.5 0.000 3.9 24.0 141 1994 Hainaut
1994 TH 40.9 0.000 16.1 23.0 217 1994 Jewitt et al.
1994 VK8 43.5 0.000 1.4 22.5 273 1994 Fitzwilliams et al.
(
)
- . , , 1993 SC, 1993 SB 1993 RO, 3:2 . 1992 QB1 1993 FW, .
, - , 1983
, , . , - , 90,000 .. (1.4 ) 20,000 .., 30 . , , , , .
, 30 - ( -, ). - "". , , . , .
, , 30 . , , 65 . , 15 .
" " 1985 . (Daniel P. Whitmire) . (John J. Matese) (). : (Nemesis). , - . , , (- , " " ). , - ( , , .. ). , , .
. , , '' '-'. , , : , -, . , , - . . . - . . , , , -- , , . : . , , : .
, IRAS "", .