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, : . -, , , , , . , , . , . -, , , , [Allen, 1899, p. 445-446; Gibbon, 1964, p. 239].* [ , -. , , , . , , . , [, 1983: 131-135]. , .]
, ( , ) . ( ) [, 1980, . 87-88; , 1893, . 322], () [, 1994, . 115], () [, 1990, 6, 110, . 67-69, 297; , 1950, . 299; , 1893, . 385], () [, 1959, . 15; , 1959, . 162-163] , () [Paus. VIII 3, 3], ( ) [, 1883, . 713] ( ) [, 1984, . 26] , , . , , [, 1939: 29; , 1994, . 22, 160; , 1883, . 942], .
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, , - - -. - , - ( , ), - , - , , . . [Curtis, 1976, p. 147-148; Lowie 1924, 12, p. 232-234], [Fowler, 1995, p. 147-148], [Gifford, 1933a, p. 381-382, 413-414], [Spier, 1933, p. 146-147], [Meigs, 1939, p. 69-78] [Kroeber1908, p. 280] ( , , ), . [Fowler, 1995, p. 147], [Drucker, 1937, p. 26], [Gifford, 1933b, p. 286], [Kroeber, 1931, p. 12], - (, , ) [Hooper, 1920, p. 362; Drucker, 1937, p. 26], , , [Gifford, 1940, 2266, p. 60, 155] . , , , - , . , , , - . , , - . , : , , , , , . , .
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. , , , , , . - [Gibbon, 1964, p. 245; Simpson, 1875, p. 272]. , [Ostermann, 1942, p. 78]. , [Rasmussen, 1932, p. 23]. [Rasmussen, 1931, p. 211, 263, 385]. - , [, 1985, 265, . 488-489; Holtved, 1951, 6, p. 50-55; Kroeber, 1899, 10, p. 173-174], , , [Kroeber 1899, 10, p. 173]. - , - , - [Boas, 1888, p. 636-637]. . - , - . , , - - , : - - [ 1939, . 25, 28-29; Bogoras 1924: 243]. [, 1893, 87, . 328; , 1890, . 347]. , .
. [, 1992, . 232], . - [, 1896, . 660; , 1974, . 135], . : , , - , ( ), , . [De Laguna, 1972, p. 875-879; Swanton, 1909, 31, 96, 97, p. 102, 296-298], [Krenov, 1951; Nelson, 1899, p. 449], [Vanstone, 1978, p. 61] [Teit, 1919-1921, 6, p. 229], . , , [, 2001, 22, . 113]. , [ 1984: 48]* [ - , , . [Roth, 1915, 211, p. 265-266], [Magaa, 1983, 1, p. 32], [Vickers, 1989, p. 161-167], [Mnzel, 1973, p. 187-190; Villas Boas, Villas Boas, 1973, p. 171-173]. , , ]. , -.
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, . , . - , . , - - . , , ( ) - ( ) [, 2003, . 100]. . ( ) , , , . , , ( [Spence, 1985, p. 182-184]), ( [Lowie, 1918, p. 126], [Erdoes, Ortiz, 1984, p. 205-209], [Dorsey, 1904, 10, p. 74-80]), , , ( [Simms, 1904, p. 181-182], [Lowie, 1918, p. 205-211]).
. , , , , , [, 2003]. . , , , , , . , , , - , , . , , . - , ( ) [ 1939: 24]. ( ). () . [, 1893, . 327]. , , - .
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: Silversonne