: , . , . (Robert Bud), (The Medicine Chest: The History of Antibiotics), , 1930- , . . . 1889 : . , , . 1941 , (Selman Waksman). , , , .
19- , , . (, ) . Bacillus pycyoneus, . , . 1920- , .
1928 (Alexander Fleming) , Penicillium notatum , . , . .
( ). 1940 Lancet , (Oxford University) (Ernst Chain) (Howard Florey) . , . 1941 ( ).
. ; (Department of Agriculture), . 1943 . 1943 Pfizer Merck. 1944 , , .
(American Chemical Society) (The Discovery and Development of Penicillin), , , . . , , , , . . . , 1950- , , , .
. 1943 . , .
. New England Journal of Medicine, 1940 1970 , . 2006 Nature Biotechnology , 1998 , . , .
- . Biotechnology Industry Report, . , , , .
(Food and Drug Administration). . 20-100 , . , , , . . , 70% .
, . , , . . ( , , ), . . , .
. , 2-3 . , 90% .
Biotechnology Industry Report, 2006 , 313 . : 2006 , 8 14 .
:
, .
. 1954 908 , 2000 23 . 100 . . , .
() , , . , . . .
, . , 1940- ( ) ( ).
1950- . . , , : , , , , .
(Stuart Levy), : - (The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs Are Destroying the Miracle), , , - . , - Eli Lilly , , . . , , , . Cipro ( ), .
1990- . (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), , , , , , , , , , , . , 3 . , 150 . , , 7 . . , 1970- .
, , . . , 90% , . , , . , (American Medical Association), .
, , . , 2001 New England Journal of Medicine , . , 20% . 84% , , , 53% , 27% . 1.4 . , 600 .
(National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), 2 . . 90 . ( 1992 ). 70% , , , . , , , , ( ), ( ) .
. 1989 , . 2002 (Staphylococcus aureus), . 2003 S.aureus, . 2004 S.aureus .
, . 40% . , 60% , . , , , .
. (Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance), , , $1,3 ., . , (National Academy of Sciences), $30 . , , , $4 .
, . , . , .