.
. , XIX - .
XX , , . , ( , , ), , , . 20 .
, , ,
1857 . . . . , . . 20%, 27%. , 26%. 25% ; ‑ 13% ; 17%, - 14%.
1873 . 1873 . , , . - . . - . - . ( ), , . : 1878 .
1914 , . ‑ , , . , , , , . , , . , .
, ( ) ( ), 1920-1922 . , , , , , .
1929-1933 -
24 1929 ( ) - , . 60‑70%, , . , , . . : , - . 15 . . 1929 40 . . , , . 1933 , 30- .
46%, 24%, 41%, 32%. 87%, 48%, 64%, 60%. . , 1933 32 30 . , 14 .
1957 1958 . , , , , . 4%. 10 . .
, 1973 , , 1957-1958 1929-1933 . 13%, 20%, 22%, 10%, 13%, 14%. - 1973 1974 - 33%, 17%, 10%, 56%, 33%, 28%. 1974 1973 6%, 42%, 40%, 47%, 27%. 1975 15 . . , 10 . . .
1973 , - , . . 16 1973 67% - $3 $5. 1974 $12.
1987 . 19 1987 Dow Jones Industrial 22,6%. , , . : .
1994‑1995
1980- . , , . 1989‑1994 . ‑ : . 1995 $10 . .
1997 ‑
. - - . - . , $2 .
1998 ‑
. : , ( ‑ ) , . 1998 ‑ 1999 3 ‑ c 6 . 21 . .
2007‑2008 . , ‑ .