1915
Ը
139- 69- 4- , . -. . 1920- . 1931 , 1933 - - , 1939 - . , , - . 1939 . , . 1941 , . 1941 . 1941 . , , . , , 2- 3- . ()/ 1943 . 139- Ը 7 1943 , , . , . .. , , . 10 ( ) . , , , . 22 1944 - , Ը ( 2587). , . - - , - , , . 1945 . 1946 .. . . 1946 - , 1950 - , . . 1960 - 40, 1965-1967 - 170. 21 1998 . . , 1- , 2- , , , .
( . 27), 1989-1998 , . . ...
1915
88- (20- , 4- , 1- ), . () . . . . 1942 . 88- . . 27 1945 ( , ). . , , . . , . . . 35 . , , - , 10 1945 (6697). . . . 30 2000 . - - (). , 1- , , 2 , .
1915
5- ( 14- ), . . . . 1928 . 1929 7 , 1933 . . 1935 . 1937 . . - 1939-1940 5- . 5 1939 . , .., . , .. , 25 , . 10 . 5 1940 ( 105). - 1940 - (), . ( , 1941 ). 1941 179- ( ). 7 1941 . (1940).
1915
. 1940-1950- . , . (1962) (1964), (1960), - (1966) - (1969) -, (1967), (1976) , . ; . , . .
1915
236- 106- 65- , . . . . 1932 . 1938 . 1939 -. 1942 . 1943 . . 15-17 1943 236- , .., . . , , . .. , : . , , . 30 1943 , " " ( 1615). , , . .. . . . 24 1945 . 1947 ... - . 1960 .. - , . 1965 . . 21 2007 . . , 1- , , .
1915
(Thomas Huckle Weller)
, , 1954. , . . , 1936 , . , . 1937 , , . 1936 , . 1939 , . 1940 . 1942 , -. , 1947 . , . : , . . , . , ( ), , () in vitro. 1948 , . , , . 1954 , . , . 1962 , . 1954 . , (), . , , , , ( , , ). : , ( , 1953), ( 1963), ( , 1980). : Cultivation o the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embrionic Tissues, Science 109 (January 28, 1949): 8587 (with F.C.Robbins and J.F.Enders) Studies of the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis viruses in Suspended Cell Cultures of Various Human Tissues, Journ of Immunology 69 (1952): 645671 (with F.C.Robbins and J.F.Enders
1915
- 3- (1940). . 1923 , . 1930 . . 1932 , - . 1933 () - (). 1933-1937 - - . -2 (1936), .. (1937). 30 1937 -9 - - 12105 . 1937-1939 - - 1 ( ); P-Z, -6, -15, -153. 1939-1941 - - 289 (); , . 28 1940 () - -318. - 1941 - - 482 (.); . 1941 - - . (16 1941), -û (28 1942) -2 ( 1943). -1 -3, -7 -11, -7 (1943). : - 1941 - 2- ( ). 28 1943 -4. .. ... . , . .
1915
Ը
- , , . . . 1931 7 . 1933 . 1936 . 1936 - , , 181- (). 1940 ... () 1938 . 1941 . - 5- . 1942 . 1942 - . 1943 Ը - , . .. 1944 , , -, (). 17 1944 . 21 1944 , Ը .
(). . , , , . ., ..Ը, , . . 2 , .
, 1915-1931 ..Ը.
( , 33) , 1927-1931 ..Ը.
1915
ϸ
729- (145- , 43- , 1- ), . . . 7 . . 1938 . 1941 . 1- . 729- (145- , 43- , 1- ) . , . , , . 14 1944 () . , , . . . , , . , . , , , . , .. . . . . 24 1945 , , - , ( ) ( 8931). , 51- . 1945 . . . , . 10 1977 . .
1916
..
, " ", "", "", " ".
1916
Ը
37- 12- , . . . 1942 . 8 . - 1935 . 1938 - ... . - 1945 . 9 1945 , , . , , . 1945 , . 37- , , () () . , 3 , 2 , . 14 1945 , , Ը ( 7139). .. . 1955 - . 1962 .. - . . , . 26 1997 . . , 2 , 1- , , .
1916
- 54- 16- - , . . . . . 1937 . 1939 . - 1939-40 . - 54- (16- , - ) . 17 1940 - . . .. 22 1940 . ( 1965 -, 1991 -). 7 1940 . .
1916
593- ( 332- , 4- , 2- ) . , , . , - . . 1937 . 1938 , 1943 - . 1944 . 1945 .. 102 , . 1 6 - . , , , - , 15 1946 " ". . 1946 .. - . . Ha : , ( ), , 1- ( ); .
1916
(Herbert Alexander Simon)
, , 1978 , . ( ) -. 1933 1936 , , , , ; . .. , 19391942 . 1943 . , , . 1947 (Administrative Behavior, 4- . 1997). (bounded rationality), . , - , , , , . 1940 1950- , ( ), . 1949 , . ( 1967 ) ; . , . , 19401950- . 1952 .. , . ., , - . , . () , . - 1955 ( , ), 1956 , 11 1956 . , , . , (General Problem Solver), . 1972, , (Human Problem Solving). 1950- . (symbolic information processing), , , - .
, (physical symbol system), ( , ). 1970- , , , , . , , , . 1950- , (Organizations, 1958, .) (The New Science of Management Decision, 1960), 1960- 1970- , , , . , , (Models of Man, 1957). 1969 (The Sciences of the Artificial, 3- . 1996, . . 1972), ; . 1979 , 1989 (Models of Thought). 1980- , . (Models of Discovery, 1977) : (Scientific Discoveries: Computational Explorations of Cognitive Processes, 1987). 1982 (Models of Bounded Rationality, 2- ), 1997 . 9 2001 .
1916
1033- 280- - 60- , . . . 1930 . 7 . . 1937 . 1939 . - . 1943 . , , . , 1- . 1943 . : - , , , , , , , , , , , 1943 ; - 1944. .. 26 1943 ( ) . 29 1943 ( ) . 17 1943 - ( 1883). .. 9 1944 . . . (17 1943), ( 100084 21 1943).
1917
171- 315- 15- , . . . 1942 . 1933 . . -, , . . 1935 - ... . , 8 800 . 1941 , -16 296- . , . . , . 20 . . 171- , . . 27 1942 , -3 Ju-87. 1942 Hs-126, . 1 1942 -2. . 21 . . 5 . 10 10 Ju-88. 1942 2 -109. , . 13 1943 Ju-88, Fw-190 Bf-109. . , . . 1944 27- Fw-190. , , 58 . 1945 -7. 171- , Fw-190. , 147- -9 . , . 296 , 100 , 20 3 . , 19 . 23 1948 - ( 8317). 1953 - . . 1973 . 1975 - . . . 2 1992 . , . , 4 , , 2 1- , , л 3- , .
1917
83- (11- , 3- ), . , . . - . , , - . 1938 . - 1939-1940 . 1941 . - . , 76- 936- 254- . , . ()/ 1942 . . 1943 - ., . 1944 . 83- , . , 252- . . . 6 1945 ʸ, 16 , , 10. 30- . 7 , , . . , . . 25 , , 26 - ( ) ( ). . . , , . 5 6 , 800 2000 . 20 . 29 1945 (6954). . 1947 . . , . . 21 1980 . . , (27 1945), 2- (6 1945), (3 1944), , (15 1942).
1917
(John Fenn)
. -. 1937 , 1940. 12 , , , ., 10 - . . 1967 , , 1984, . 1983 - , Fennfest . - , , , , . . - (), 1984, . , , . . 1917 (John Zeleny), . (M.Dole) 1968. .., .., .., .., .. ... , , , -, . . . , , . 1983 - , Fennfest . 1994, . (), , () . , , : . 2002 . : - . .. : Engines, Energy and Entropy, W.H.Freenan & Co, 1982; Electrospray ionozation for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science. 1989.
1917
, . , , . . , . 1933 . 1938 . . 1944 164- 2- , . 1946 . . 1946 . (1956-1960 ) X.. , 4, , . . 1958 X.. -80 , 2500 . 150-180%. 9 1958 , , . 1972 . 1977 . . 21 1993 . (9 1958), 1- (11 1985), , (31 1944).
1918
, . , . : .
1918
355- 100- 7- - , . . . ()/ 1942 . 5 . . 1938 . 1939 . - 1939-1940 . 355- (100- , 7- , - ) 13 1940 . 21 1940 ( 389). 1940 , 1942 ... - 1945 . 1960 .. - , . .. 28 1988 . , . , 1- 2- , .
1918
( - Franois (N'Garta) Tombalbaye)
, 1960-1975 . ( ) . - ( ) ( ). 1942 - ( ) -, . . 1946 - . 1947 (Parti progressiste Tchadien, PPT)- . 1951 .
1952 . 1952 . 1952 - 1959 , (). 1957-1959 - - . 11 1960 - . . , , , 13 1975 , .
1918
1323- (415- , 61- , 1- ) 1- . ( 19391994 ) . . 5 . . 1938-1940 . 1941 . . , , , 2- 1- , 3- 1- ()/ 1944 . 1944 1323- 415- . 8 1944 ( ) , , . 10 . 415- ( 69/) 7 1944 3- (54433). 22 1944 ( , ) 10 , . 61- ( 220/) 11 1944 2- (4310). 31 1945 - () 3 , . . 31 1945 - 1- (1169). . 1945 . . , - , . . 29 1988 . . 1- (1985), (1 1944), 3- , , .
1918
738- 134- 69- 1- , . - . . ()/ 1944 . 1932 48- - . . 1937 . 1940 . 1941 . 1- . 29 1944 738- .. - . , , . 24 1945 , , " " ( 5784). 1946 .. . - . - . 1998 . -. (24 1945), ( ), 1- (6 1945; 6 1985), 2- (7 1944), (28 1945), " " (8 1944), " ", " ", " 1941-1945 .", .
.. - , - - .
1919
.
.., "-2"/SS-2/Sibling, .